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1、KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS VOL.6,NO.2,Feb 2012 480 Copyright?2012 KSII Min Chen s work was supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MEST)(No.2011-0009454),and Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Unive
2、rsity(NCET).Jiafu Wan s work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50905063),the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,SCUT(No.2011ZM0070,2011ZB0009),the High-level Talent Project for Universities,Guangdong Province,China(No.431,YueCaiJiao 201
3、1),and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.S2011010001155).DOI:10.3837/tiis.2012.02.002Machine-to-Machine Communications:Architectures,Standards and Applications Min Chen12,Jiafu Wan3 and Fang Li31 School of Comp Sci.&Tech.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Chin
4、a 2 School of Computer Science and Engineering,Seoul National University,Seoul,Korea e-mail:minchenieee.org 2 School of Computer Science and Engineering,South China University of Technology Guangzhou,China e-mail:jiafu_wanieee.org,*Corresponding author:Jiafu Wan Received October 14,2011;revised Nove
5、mber 30,2011;accepted December 15,2011;published February 28,2012 Abstract As a new business concept,machine-to-machine(M2M)communications are born from original telemetry technology with the intrinsic features of automatic data transmissions and measurement from remote sources typically by cable or
6、 radio.M2M includes a number of technologies that need to be combined in a compatible manner to enable its deployment over a broad market of consumer electronics.In order to provide better understanding for this emerging concept,the correlations among M2M,wireless sensor networks,cyber-physical syst
7、ems(CPS),and internet of things are first analyzed in this paper.Then,the basic M2M architecture is introduced and the key elements of the architecture are presented.Furthermore,the progress of global M2M standardization is reviewed,and some representativeapplications(i.e.,smart home,smart grid and
8、health care)are given to show that the M2M technologies are gradually utilized to benefit people s life.Finally,a novel M2M system integrating intelligent road with unmanned vehicle is proposed in the form of CPS,and an example of cyber-transportation systems for improving road safety and efficiency
9、 are introduced.Keywords:M2M,WSNs,CPS,IoT,CTS 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 18 页 -KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS VOL.6,NO.2,Feb 2012 4811.Introduction Typically,machine-to-machine(M2M)refers to the communications between computers,embedded processors,smart sensors,actuators,a
10、nd mobile devices without or with limited human intervention 12.The rationale behind M2M communications is based on two observations:1)a networked machine is more valuable than an isolated one;2)when multiple machines are interconnected,more autonomous and intelligent applications can be generated.T
11、he impacts of M2M communications will continuously increase in this decade according to previous predictions 3.For instance,researchers predict that by 2014,without the requirement of any human interventions,there will be 1.5 billion wirelessly connected devices excluding mobile phones,and thus lead
12、ing to an unprecedented increase in M2M data.At present,the various applications of M2M have already started to emerge in several fields,such as healthcare,smart robots,cyber-transportation systems(CTS),manufacturing systems,smart home technologies,and smart grids 4.Through interfacing with wireless
13、 sensor networks(WSNs),a wide range of information can be collected by sensors for M2M systems.Thus,in addition to M2M communications,machines also can make action through the collected information with the integration with WSNs.With the capabilities of decision-making and autonomous control,M2M sys
14、tems can be upgraded to cyber-physical systems(CPS).Thus,we propose CPS is an evolution of M2M by the introduction of more intelligent and interactive operations,under the architecture of internet of things(IoT).While the relationship among M2M,WSNs,CPS,and IoT is still in cloud,this paper gives a n
15、ovel approach to illustrate their differences.Then,the basic M2M architecture and the progress of global M2M standards development are introduced.In addition,some representative applications(e.g.,smart home,smart grid,health care,and CTS)are presented toshow that M2M technologies are gradually utili
16、zed to benefit the quality of life.Finally,a novel M2M architecture in the form of CPS is produced.This architecture integrates intelligent road with unmanned vehicle and includes many challenges,such as issues of security,authentication,data integrity,and privacy.Also,an example of CTS that combine
17、s cyber technologies,transportation engineering and human factors,is reviewed 5.The rest of this technical survey is organized as follows.In Section 2,the differences and correlations among M2M,CPS,and IoT are analyzed.Section 3 addresses the basic architecture of M2M communications and the related
18、components.The standards for M2M communications are reviewed in Section 4.Section 5 gives several examples of M2M applications.In Section 6,a novel M2M architecture for unmanned vehicle with WSNs navigation in the form of CPS is proposed,and an example of CTS for avoiding intersection collision is i
19、ntroduced.Section 7 outlines the challenges for future work,and Section 8 concludes this paper.2.IoT,WSNs,M2M and CPS The term,IoT that refers to uniquely identifiable objects,things,and their virtual representations in an internet-like structure,was first proposed in 1999 6.In recent years,the conc
20、ept of IoT has become particllarly popular through some representative applications(e.g.,greenhouse monitoring,intelligent transportation,telemedicine monitoring,and smart electric meter reading).IoT has four major components including sensing,heterogeneous access,名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 18 页
21、 -482Chen et al.:Machine-to-Machine Communications:Architectures,Standards,and Applications information processing,applications and services,and some additional components such as security and privacy.Essentially,WSNs,M2M,and CPS belong to IoT,since all of WSNs,M2M,and CPS must have the same compone
22、nts mentioned previously.The differences just are the proportion of the design among the four components.WSNs consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions,and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.WSNs emphasiz
23、ing the information perception through all kinds of sensor nodes are the very basic scenario of IoT.The advances in wireless communication technologies,such as wearable and implantable biosensors,along with recent developments in the embedded computing,intelligent systems,and cloud computing areas a
24、re enabling the design,development,and implementation of higher level systems for IoT(e.g.,M2M and CPS).Focusing on the different types of applications,IoT has different incarnations such as M2M,and CPS.M2M refers to technologies that allow both wireless and wired systems to communicate with other d
25、evices of the same ability.Similar with WSNs,M2M system possesses distinctive characteristics such as support of a huge amount of nodes,seamless domain inter-operability,autonomous operation,and self-organization.Under the architecture of IoT,M2M mainly concentrates machine-type-communication(MTC)th
26、at means no human intervention whilst devices are communicating end-to-end,and emphasizes the practical applications(e.g.,smart home,and smart grid)that are the main patterns of IoT at present.However,the intelligent information processing such as artificial neural networks and data-fusion,and distr
27、ibuted real-time control are not the main emphasis in the terms of M2M design.At the present stage,the ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of IoT.With the development of advanced network techniques,distributed multi-agent control,and cloud computing,there
28、 is a shift integrating the concepts of IoT and autonomous control in M2M research to produce an evolution of M2M in the form of CPS.CPS is a system featuring a tight combination and coordination between the system s computational and physical elements.Usually,the sensor and actuator networks are se
29、en as the precursor of CPS.Basically,CPS focuses on intelligentizing interaction,interactive applications,and even distributed real-time control.Therefore,some new techogies and methodologies should be developed to meet the higher requirements in terms of real-time performance such as low-jitter and
30、 low delay.In a word,the widespread applications of CPS require more breakthroughs in the research of theoretical and technical support.In the future,the high-performance CPS will be a higher stage of IoT.With the development of WSNs,radio frequency identification(RFID),pervasive computing technolog
31、y,network communication technology,and distributed real-time control theory,CPS,an emerging form of IoT,is becoming a reality.CPS applications have the potential to benefit from massive wireless networks and smart devices,which would allow CPS applications to provide intelligent services based on kn
32、owledge from the surrounding physical world.The following characteristics among Iot,WSNs,M2M and CPS are briefly summarized.?WSNs,M2M,and CPS belong to IoT.?WSNs are the very basic scenario of IoT.?WSNs regarded as the supplement of M2M are the foundation of CPS.?CPS is an evolution of M2M in intell
33、igent information processing.?M2M is the main pattern of IoT at the present stage.?CPS will be an important technical form for IoT in the future.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 18 页 -KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS VOL.6,NO.2,Feb 2012 483Fig.1 shows the correlations among M2M,WS
34、Ns,CPS,and IoT.The space formed by three axes(i.e.,CPS,WSNs,and M2M)represents the IoT.As time goes on,the development of WSNs and M2M will promote the widespread applications of CPS.IoTNow FutureM2MWSNsCPSIIP:Intelligent information processingDRTC:Distributed real-time controlEvolutionFoundationSup
35、plementIIPDRTCSensing MonitoringCE2E:Communicating end-to-endCE2EVAS:Value-added servicesVASA case of CPS:CTSFig.1.Correlations among M2M,WSNs,CPS,and IoT 3.Architectures for M2M Communications The European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI)drafting standards for Information and Communicat
36、ions Technologies (ICT),considers an M2M network as a five-part structure 7.(1)Devices,usually embedded in a smart device and replies to requests or sends data.(2)Gateway,acts as an entrance to another network.It provides device inter-working and inter-connection.(3)M2M area network,furnishes connec
37、tion between all kinds of intelligent devices(or sensors)and gateways.(4)Communication networks achieve connections between gateways and applications.(5)Application,passes datum through various application services and is used by the specific business-processing engines.It is a software agent analyz
38、es data,takes action and reports data.Examples of M2M area networks mainly include personal area network technologies,such as IEEE 802.15,Ultra-wideband(UWB),Zigbee,and Bluetooth,or local networks,such as power line communication(PLC),Wi-Fi,Femtocell,and wireless M-BUS.M2M area network(e.g.,personal
39、 area network)caters to special applications and possibly adopts the same technologies applied to ad hoc and heterogeneous networks 8.The main technologies for M2M area network are listed in Table 1.The communication networks between M2M gateways and applications can be further broken down into acce
40、ss,transport,and core networks.The examples include,but are not limited to,xDSL,WLAN,satellite,GSM,GPRS,CDMA2000,worldwide interoperability for microwave access(WiMAX),long term evolution(LTE),and LTE-M.The short-range system and the long-range system(generally called capillary M2M and cellular M2M,
41、名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 18 页 -484Chen et al.:Machine-to-Machine Communications:Architectures,Standards,and Applications respectively)will likely coexist until(almost)full migration to the cellular system has been achieved.Table 1.Technologies for M2M area networkStandard Area Rate(Mbit/s)Ener
42、gy-constrained Typical applications SRD Personal area100 No Video,files sharing Zigbee Personal area4.5 No Smart power grid M-BUS Local area 7.2 No Cellular phones According to ETSI,the technological standardization plays an indispensable role in long term development of the M2M technology.The five
43、elements structure proposed by ETSI forms the three interlinked domains:(1)M2M area domain formed by an M2M area network and M2M gateway,(2)communication network domain consisting of all kinds of wired/wireless networks such as xDSL and 3G,and(3)application services 9 10.Fig.2 shows domains of M2M a
44、rchitecture.M2M gatewayApplication domainNetwork domain M2M area domainNiN1N2Intelligent device(or sensor)GPRS,3G,etcxDSL,LAN,etcGPSService capabilitiesM2M area networkM2M coreM2M applicationsFig.2.M2M architecture domains M2M devices consist of a large number of M2M nodes N1,N2,and an M2M gateway t
45、o form an M2M area domain.Each M2M node Ni is a very flexible and smart device equipped with some specific sensing technologies(e.g.,wearable wireless node in an e-healthcare system)for real-time monitoring.Once monitoring data are sensed,M2M nodes will make an intelligent decision and transmit the
46、sensory data packets to the gateway in singlehop or multihop patterns.After collecting the packets from all kind of M2M nodes,the M2M gateway intelligently manages the packets and provides efficient paths for transmitting these packets to the remote back-end server via network domain.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载
47、-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 18 页 -KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS VOL.6,NO.2,Feb 2012 485In the network domain,the great success of wired networks(e.g.,xDLS,and PLC)and the ubiquity of wireless networks(e.g.,3G cellular,WiMAX,and Wi-Fi)provide cost-effective and reliable channels for trans
48、mitting the sensory data packets from M2M area domain to server and application domain.In the application domain,the back-end server is an important component for the whole M2M paradigm,which not only forms the data integration point for storing all sensory data from M2M area domain,but also provide
49、s these real-time data to a variety of M2M applications for remote monitoring management.For example,the typical utilizations are employments of global position system(GPS)data by traffic monitoring systems such as traffic court or reaction of a real-time system to its environment events.4.Standards
50、 for M2M Communications M2M communications depend on many technologies across multiple industries.Consequently,the required scope of standardization is significantly greater than that of any traditional standards development.The technical standardizations for M2M are proceeding in standards developi