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1、、条件句中的虚拟语气1.条件句中虚拟语气的形式从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be 用 were)should+动词原形were to+动词原形would/should/might/could+动词原形现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would/should/might/could+动词原形过去had+动词过去分词would/should/might/could have+动词过去分词2.中的虚拟语气的举例(1)将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如
2、：If he should go to Qing Hua University,he would make full use of his time.如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。If he were to come here,he would tell us about it.如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。(2)现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If he were free,he would help us.要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。If he studied at this school,he would know you well.如果他在这所学校学习的话，
3、它会对你很熟悉。(3)过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：If I had seen the film,I would have told you about it.我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。If I had got there earlier,I would have met Mr.Li.如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。3.运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题(1)当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be 时，可用 was 代替 were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you,as it were 中，只能用were。如：Were I ten y
4、ears younger,I would study abroad.要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 15 页 -If I were you,I would try my best to grasp the chance.要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。(2)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学
5、习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。
6、如：If it had not been raining too much,the crops would be growing much better.如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。If he had been working hard,he would be working in the office now.要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。(3)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had 时，if 可省略，而将 were,should,had 等词置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there,we would send him
7、 there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from )。(4)有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：I would have come to see you,but I was too busy.我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help,
8、we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 15 页 -(5)有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句He would have finished it.他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam.你应该会通过这次考试了。省略主句If I we
9、re at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had got it.要是我得到它了该多好啊。二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气1.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在 for fear that,in case,lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+动词原形。并且should 不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he should be late.他
10、很早就出发了以防迟到。(2)在 so that,in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+动词原形。如(from )：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。2.让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在 even i
11、f,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2)在 whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结
12、构为：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 15 页 -may+动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever/no matter where he may be.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他2.believe,expect,suspect,think,
13、imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should+原形动词。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger?你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest?你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？3.英语中，wish 之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from )：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前(1
14、)had+过去分词；(2)would/could/might/should+have+过去分词与主句动作同时发生过去时(be 用 were)发生在主句动作之后would/could/might/should+原形动词例如：I wish I learnt English well.我希望我已学好了英语。I wish I had been there with them last week.我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。He wishes we could go and play games with him.他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。4.英语中，would rather,had rather,wo
15、uld sooner 等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had+过去分词；现在过去时(be 用 were)将来过去时(be 用 were)例如：I d rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 15 页 -I d rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。We d rather you went here tomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那儿。四、主语从句中
16、的虚拟语气在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为：should+动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。句型：(1)It is admirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/disappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural,that,(2)It is a
17、 pity/a shame/no wonder,.that,(3)It is suggested/requested/desired/proposed/,.that,(4)It worries me that,如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons first.我们先把功课学好很重要。It is strange that he should not come.很奇怪，他竟没有来。It is a pity that we should not meet last night.真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。It worries
18、 me that we should be blamed for that.我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼三、分词用作状语分词作状语可以表示多种关系：(1)表时间：Seeing the cat,the mouse ran off.见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished,he went home.工作做完后，他就回家了。(2)表原因：Being very weak,she couldn t move.她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down,he had to walk.他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged，she moved on to
19、London.她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。(3)表条件：United,we stand;divided,we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time,we could have done it better.如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。Working hard,you will succeed.如果努力工作，你就可以成功。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 15 页 -Adding them all up,we can find the answer.如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。(4)表让步：Although living miles
20、away,he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated,he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。(5)表方式：He earns a living driving a truck.他靠开卡车谋生。I m returning you letter as requested.我按要求给你退信。(6)表伴随：He sat in the chair reading newspapers.他坐在椅子上看报。Don t you sit there doing nothing.别什么也不干坐在那里。He
21、came in,followed by his wife.他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。(7)表结果：He fired,killing one of the passers-by.他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died,leaving his wife with five children.他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。It rained and rained,vehicles bogged and bridges washed out.雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲去(2)There is said that 句式There is said to be plenty of oil
22、off our coast.据信我们近海有大量石油。注：其他类似表达还有：There is supposed to be a train at 9:30.九点半应有一班火车。There are known to be thousands of different species of beetles.据了解，有成千上万种不同的甲虫。(3)sb/sth is said that 句式：其意为“据说”，分词逻辑主语的特例名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 15 页 -一般说来，分词用作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致，但事实上也有少数例外的情况，它们的逻辑主语虽然与
23、句子主语不一致，但它们却是合乎英语习惯的。这类特殊情况主要有以下几类：(1)表示观点的惯用表达某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking,we enjoyed the trip.总的来说，我们这次旅行很愉快。Strictly speaking,you ought to sign the visitors book first.严格讲，你应先在访客簿上签名。Judging from the look of the sky,we ll have a rain this evening.从天色来判断，今晚应该会下雨。
24、Considering his abilities,he should have done better.以他的能力来看，他应该可以做得更好一些。Taking everything into consideration,they ought to be given another chance.若把一切都考虑进去的话，应该再给他们一次机会()。以上各句句首的分词短语的逻辑主语均与句子主语不一致，严格说来，它们的逻辑主语到底是谁都不是很明确，这类结构只是用于引出说话人希望表达的一种观点或态度。(2)含有先行主语it 或 there 时当句子含有先行主语it 或 there 时，有时有作状语的分词
25、短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：Having so little time,there was not much that I could do.由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French,it s surprising that she s such a terrible cook.她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。第一句的分词短语having so little time 的逻辑主语应该是“我”，但由于句子主语是there，所以这句话也是可以接受的；第二句中的分词短语being French 的逻辑主语应是“她”，但由于句子主语是it，所以这是合乎习惯的。名师资料
26、总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 15 页 -(3)已转化成其他词类时当分词转化为介词或连词，本身不再被视为分词时，我们就无需考虑其主语的一致性了。如：Supposing you fell in love with your boss,what would you do?假定你爱上了你的老板，你会怎么办?Given their inexperience,they ve done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。第一句中的supposing 在此已不是分词，而是用作连词，相当于if；第二句中的given在此也不是分词，而是介词，其意为“考虑到”
27、。所以这两句都无需考虑主语的一致性问题。(4)当逻辑主语为表示的one或 you时当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或 you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work,patience is needed.做这种工作需要耐心。Using the electric energy,it is necessary to change its form.我们使用电能时须改变其形式。第一句中doing 的逻辑主语应该是表示泛指意义的we 或 one，可考虑改写为：When one does such work,patience is needed.第二句中usin
28、g 的逻辑主语也是表示泛指意义的we 或 one，句子也可改写为：When we use the electric energy,it is necessary to change its form动名词主动表被动的三种类型在某些特殊结构中，动名词可以用主动形式表示被动意义，这主要见于以下几种情况：一、“需要”型在 need,want,require 几个表示“需要”的动词后，英语习惯上用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。如：He needs encouraging.他需要鼓励。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 15 页 -Your hair wants cutting
29、.你需要理发了。The front gate requires mending.前门需要修理。从意义上看，以上三句的动名词均含有被动意味，但用的都是主动形式。不过，如果改用不定式，则要用被动式，如上面也可说成：He needs to be encouraged.他需要鼓励。Your hair wants to be cut.你需要理发了。The front gate requires to be mended.前门需要修理。二、“值得”型这类词比较典型的有三个，它们是(be)worth,deserve,merit 它们后面跟的动名词习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义，不能直接使用被动式。如：The
30、film is worth seeing twice.这个片子值得看两遍。None of it is worth keeping.这东西一点儿也不值得保存。They merit praising.他们值得表扬()。说明：从搭配上看，be worth 和 merit 后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式；而deserve 后则通常是接不定式的。如：They deserved to be congratulated.他们值得祝贺。She deserved to win because she was the best.她有资格获胜，因为她是最优秀的。只有当它后面所接动词具有被动意义时才可用动名词，且要用主
31、动形式表示被动意义；此时若改成不定式，则要用被动形式。如：我认为他的文章不值一读。I don t think his article deserves reading.=I don t think his article deserves to be read.三、“超越”型这类介词主要有past,beyond 等，它们均表示“超越”“在 之外”，它们后接动名词通常用主动形式表示被意义。如：He is past saving.他已无法挽救了。The pain was almost past bearing.疼得简直受不了啦。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 15 页
32、 -The problem is past understanding.这个问题无法理解。Such hardships are beyond bearing.这样的苦是不堪忍受的不定式被动式的用法一、基本形式不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done；若表示动作先于另一动作之前，则用完成式，即 to have been done。二、用法归纳不定式被动式在句中可以用作：1.主语。如：It s a great honour to be invited to the banquet.承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thin
33、g,but a good tiring.被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。It s a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather.好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。2.表语。如：All this is to be sold.所有这些都是出售的。Water must be pure if it is to be drunk.水如供饮用必须净化。The switchboard is to be manned at all times.任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。3.宾语。如：She doesn t want to be separated from
34、 him.她不愿和他分开。He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil.他恳求允许他返回巴西。I don t wish to be disturbed in my work.在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。They demanded to be shown the authentic documents.他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。4.定语。如：I made notes of the things to be mended.我记下了需要修补的东西。The Blacks are the first to be fired and the last to be
35、hired.黑人是最先被解雇，最后被雇用。5.状语。如：He asked to be kept informed about developments.他要求随时向他报告发展情况。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 15 页 -As she waited to be served,she became very impatient.她在等候侍者送饭时，很不耐烦。She got there only to be told that they had gone on holiday.她到达那里，被告知他们度假去了。6.宾语补足语。如：He did not like hi
36、s intention to be laughed at.他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。He ordered the goods to be sent by air.他命令把货物空运。()7.主语补足语。如：The court was ordered to be cleared.有命令要关闭法庭。The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.不许将书携出室外。8.用在“for+名(代)词+不定式”结构中。如：It s an honour for me to be asked to speak here.我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。It i
37、s essential for him to be prepared for this.有必要让他对此有所准备。It s impossible for the job to be finished in time.这项任务要按时完成是不可能的。The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room 201.这个字条就是请指派一个搬运工到201 室去。Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday?你能不能安排一下周一把金子送到?1.在某些惯用表达中某些表示说话人态度
38、的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking,women live longer than men.一般说来女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed.从你的话看他应当能成功。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly.考虑到路程，他到达是很快的。Taking everything into consideration,you should leave.考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。2.在某些特殊句式中当句子含有先
39、行主语it 或 there 时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：Having so little time,there was not much that I could do.由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 15 页 -Being French,its surprising that shes such a terrible cook.她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。3.分词转化为介词或连词当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：Supposing she doesnt come
40、,what shall we do?要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing 为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience,they ve done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given 为介词，意为“考虑到”)4.主语为表泛指的one或 you 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或 you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work,patience is needed.做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does suchwork,patience is neededdevote
41、one s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事be get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于做某事look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事object to doing sth 反对做某事stick to doing sth 坚持做某事get down to doi
42、ng sth 开始做某事take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事admit to doing 承认做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事be used to doing fall to doing be accustomed to doing confess to doing be reduced to doing be resigned to doing to admit to doing 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 15 页 -be committed to doing get round to doing se
43、e her way to doing be reconciled to doing give oneself over to doing see myyourhis way to doing He prefers swimming to riding as a sport.作为一项运动项目，他更喜欢游泳而不是骑马。注：这类结构的prefer 前有时也可用would,should 等。如：We would prefer playing outdoors to watching television.我们宁愿在外面玩而不愿看电英语中有些动词后接另一个动词作宾语时，通常要用动名词，而不接不定式，这类
44、动词主要admit(承认),advise(建议),allow(允许),appreciate(感激),avoid(避免),consider(考虑),delay(推迟),discuss(讨论),dislike(不喜欢),enjoy(喜爱),escape(逃脱),excuse(原谅),fancy(没想到),finish(完成),forbid(禁止),forgive(原谅),give up(放弃),imagine(想像),keep(保持),mention(提及),mind(介意),miss(没赶上),pardon(原谅),permit(允许),practise(练习),prevent(阻止),put
45、off(推迟),report(报告),resist(忍住),risk(冒险),stop(停止),suggest(建议),understand(理解)等。如这类动词主要有like(喜欢)，love(喜欢)，hate(讨厌)，prefer(宁愿)，begin(开始)，start(开始)，continue(继续)，cant bear(忍受不了)，bother(麻烦)，intend(想要)，attempt(试图)，cease(停止分词作状语有哪些用法一、表时间Turning around,she saw an ambulance driving up.她转过身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。Having f
46、ound a hotel,we looked for somewhere to have dinner.在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方。Asked why he came late,he said that got up late.当他被问到为什么来晚了时，他说他起床起晚了。二、表原因Not knowing her address,I wasn t able to contact her.由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 13 页，共 15 页 -Having been ill for a long time,he needed tim
47、e to recover.由于他病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。Moved by their speech,I was at a loss what to say.被他们的发言感动，我不知说什么好。三、表条件Taken in time,the medicine will be quite effective.及时吃，这药会很有效的。Sit down,Emma.You will only make yourself more tired,keeping on your feet.坐下吧，埃玛。你老站着，只会弄得你更累。Seen in this light,the matter is not
48、as serious as people generally suppose.如从这个角度看，问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。四、表让步Although living miles away,he attended the course.虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated,he remained a popular boxer.虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。五、表方式He earns a living driving a truck.他靠开卡车谋取生。I m returning you letter as requested.我按要求给你退信。六、表伴随I offere
49、d them something to eat,thinking they might be hungry.我给了他们一些东西吃，心想他们可能会饿。They came in,followed by their wives.他们走了进来，后面跟着他们的妻子。Trains in this country spend too much time stopped,waiting for other trains.火车在这个国家里停留等待其他火车的时间太长了。七、表结果It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that country.大雨滂沱，造成了那个
50、国家洪水泛滥。She was so angry that she threw her new doll on the floor breaking it into pieces.她大怒，把她新买的娃娃扔在地上，摔得粉碎在陈述句中表示说话者给对方的承诺、决心、警告、威胁等。如：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 14 页，共 15 页 -I shall write to you again at the end of the month.月底我再给你写封信。You shall have it back next week.下星期一定还你。He shall stay in bed.他