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1、（原文）无线传感器网络路由协议研究普遍的网络化、微机电系统(MEMS)和片上系统(SOC)的迅速发展，以及这三方面的高度集成孕育出了许多新的信息获取和处理模式，传感器网络就是其中一例。在通信方式上，一般认为短距离的无线低功率通信技术最适合传感器网络使用，为明确起见，一般称作无线传感器网络。在研究初期，人们一度认为成熟的Internet技术加上 Adhoc路由机制对传感器网络的设计是足够充分的，但深人的研究表明：传感器网络有着与传统网络明显不同的技术要求。前者以数据为中心，后者以传输数据为目的。为了适应广泛的应用程序，传统网络的设计遵循着“端到端”的边缘论思想，强调将一切与功能相关的处理都放在网
2、络的端系统上，中间节点仅仅负责数据分组的转发，对于传感器网络，这未必是一种合理的选择。在无线传感器网络的体系结构中，网络层中的路由协议非常重要，但是随着应用和网络基础结构的不同而有所差异。网络层主要的目标是：寻找用于传感器网络的高能效的路由建立和可靠的数据传输方法，从而使网络寿命最长。由于传感器网络有几个不同于传统无线Adhoc网络的特点，因此它的路由非常有挑战性。首先，由于节点众多，不可能建立一个全局的地址机制；其次，产生的数据流量有显著的冗余性，因此可以利用数据聚合来提高能量和带宽的利用率；第三，节点能量和处理存储能力有限，需要精细的资源管理；最后，由于网络拓扑变化频繁，需要路由协议有很好
3、的鲁棒性和可扩展性。1 现有方案考虑传感器网络的特征以及应用和基础结构的需要，研究者们提出了很多方案来解决传感器网络中的路由问题。我们可以把它们分为四类：以数据为中心的、分等级的、基于位置的、基于网络流的。11以数据为中心的路由协议这类协议是基于查询和对目标数据的命名之上的，通过数据聚合减少重复的数据传送。它和传统的基于地址的路由有显著的差异。SPIN是第一种以数据为中心的自适应路由协议，它是通过节点问的数据协商来减少冗余数据和节省能量的。DEstrin 等人开发出一种突破性的路由协议一定向扩散(Directed Difusion)名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共
4、11 页 -节点用一组属性值来命名它所生成的数据，当sink 节点发出查询时，也用属性的组合定义一个兴趣(interest)消息，并21 数据为中心路由协议数据为中心路由协议采用基于属性的命名机制来描述目标数据，通过汇聚节点向特定的区域发送查询请求以获取数据信息，并在数据传输过程中进行数据融合SPIN是第一个数据为中心的路由议，定向扩散DD(directed difusion)出现后，许多路由协议的提出都是基于DD 或遵循相似思想的211 定向扩散协议定向扩散 DD【4 模型采用基于属性的命名机制来描述数据，并加人了数据融合和缓存机制DD 在运行过程中包括路径建立、据发送和路径增强 3个阶段，
5、如图1所示DD引人了网络梯度的概念，可以找到从源节点到目标节点的最优路径，并使用本地化算法，能够很好地满足WSN 对节能、鲁棒性以及可扩展性的要求但由于采用了按需查询驱动的数据模型，所以不适用于环境监测等要求连续传递数据的系统，且选择与查询相匹配的数据会使传感器节点消耗更多的能量212 基于逻辑模糊控制器的多路径数据为中心路由协议文献 5 提出了一个新的以数据为中心的多路径路由方案，该方案在每个传感器节点中引人一个模糊逻辑控制器架构该架构根据传感器节点电池的能量级别和传输数据的类型来度量节点传输命名数据的能力，这样就可以避免低能量的节点传输大量的数据，有效地延长网络的生存周期 且多路径机制的引
6、人可以保证网络从路径失效中迅速恢复以节约能量22 层次路由协议为了保证网络的可扩展性且不降低服务质量，许多路由协议的设计使用了分簇的思想，即将整个 WSN 区域分为若干个簇，每个簇中选举一个簇头，通过多跳通信及数据融合来减少传送到汇聚节点的信息量，从而节约能耗LEACH(1ow energyadaptive clustering hierarchy)协议是最早的分簇协议，许多其他层次路由协议都是基于 LEACH 的221 LEACH LEACH 的基本思想是以循环的方式随机选择簇头，将整个网络的能量负载平名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 11 页 -均分配到每个传感
7、器节点，从而降低网络能源消耗，提高网络生存时间LEACH协议每一轮循环可分为簇的建立和数据通信2个阶段在簇的建立阶段，相邻节点动态地形成簇，随机产生簇头；在数据通信阶段，簇内节点把数据发送给簇头，簇头进行数据融合并把结果发给汇聚节点与节点直接与汇聚节点通信相比，LEACH 协议降低了 7倍的能耗，与最小传输能量路由相比，降低了 48倍的能耗但利用LEACH 算法选举出的簇头分布不均匀，不适合大规模网络及能量不均衡的网络222 PEGASIS 和分层 PEGASIS PEGASIS 协议是在 LEACH 基础上改进设计的，其目的是提高网络的生存周期与LEACH 算法的多簇结构不同，PEGASIS
8、 采用链式结构进行连接，节点只需要与它们最近的邻居之间进行通信仿真结果表明，与LEACH 协议相比，其生存周期提高近 2倍但离链首较远的节点会引起过多的数据延迟，而且链首节点的唯一性使其成 为全网的 通信瓶颈 由 Lindsey 等提出的 分层 PEGASIS 协 议是对PEGASIS 的扩展，采用数据并行传输机制，并利用CDMA方式避免信号干扰仿真结果表明，分层 PE GASIS 较PEGASIS 使网络的生存期提高了约60倍223 HMRP 文献8 提出了一个分层的多路径路由协议 HMRP(hierarchical multiplechoice routingpath)，该协议首先把WSN
9、 构造成一个分层的网络，基于此层次结构，传感器节点通过候选的双亲节点建立了到汇聚节点的多条路径仿真结果表明，HM RP 与传统的分簇结构和树型结构相比，延长了网络的生存周期23 地理位置路由协议在WSN 的许多应用中(如森林防火系统)，节点通常需要获取其位置信息而在许多路由协议中，通常也需要位置信息来计算2个特定节点的距离以便估算所消耗能量地理位置路由假设节点知道自己以及目的节点或者目标区域的地理位置信息，利用这些信息作为路由选择的依据，节点按照一定策略转发数据到目的地这样查询信息就会只发布到指定区域，因此有效地减少了数据传输次数，节约了能耗231 MECN 和 SMECN 最小能量通信网络M
10、ECN(minimum energy communication network)协议 最初是为 MANET设计的，名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 11 页 -但同样适用于 WSN SMECN(small minimum energy communication network)协议是 MECN 协议的扩展，它充分考虑到任意2个节点间可能存在障碍而导致节点间不能直接通信的情况 MECN和SMECN协议都利用低功耗的 GPS 定位系统，通过计算和构建能源有效的子网实现节能目标MECN 协议为每个节点设置了转发区域，发送节点通过转发区域内的节点发送比直接将数据传递到目
11、的节点需要更少的能量所有转发区域的集合，就构成了发送节点的外围 MECN 协议具有自动重配置的特点，可以动态地自适应节点的失效和网络的分布但该协议假定网络充分连通，这在实际环境中不易做到232 GAF GAF(geographical adaptive fidelity)协议是以节点地理位置为依据的分簇协议，也是MANET 的一种路由协议，但同样适用于 WSN 该协议把监测区域划分成若干虚拟单元格，将节点按照其位置信息划入相应的单元格，在每个单元格中定期选举产生1个簇头，只有簇头节点保持活动，其他节点进入休眠状态，同一单元格的节点之间通过GPS 标识的位置信息进行通信仿真结果表明，GAF 在时
12、延、丢包率和生命期等方面均优于普通的MA NET 协议但这种基于地理位置进行分簇的算法对传感器网络提出了更高的要求，而且 GAF 算法基于平面模型，没有考虑到在实际网络中节点之间的临近并不表示其可以直接通信，且在选择簇兴时没有考虑节点的剩余能量针对这一问题，PSanti 等人提出了一种改进 GAF 算法，设计了 2种不同的簇头选择机制，并详细分析了簇头节点产生后的网络运行方式，与GAF 相比，延长了传感器网络的生存周期3 无线传感器网络路由协议比较分析WSN 节点的能量有限性促使WSN 路由协议在设计上应充分考虑节点能量的有效使用此外，还应根据应用的具体特点，满足以下几方面的性能要求：以数据为
13、中心，支持数据融合，基于节点定位，维护多条路径，具有可鲁棒性、扩展性和安全性，提供QoS 支持根据对 WSN 路由协议的分析，结合路由协议的度量标准对各类 WSN 的路由协议进行比较分析，如表1所示4 结论WSN 因其自身的特点使其路由协议的研究较之以往的网络更为复杂通过以上分析，可以看出 WSN 路由协议未来的研究热点和发展趋势：名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 11 页 -1)在数据为中心路由协议中，通过数据的属性来命名和访问数据，避免了簇建立和专门选取节点作为簇头的额外开销，但在复杂查询中该方法就显得力不从心，且命名机制依赖于具体的应用因此，如何提供一个高效的
14、标准命名机制是一个有待解决的问题2)在层次路由协议中，通过将节点分簇，并使簇中节点轮流当选为簇头，簇头负责数据融合并向汇聚节点传递数据，使WSN 中节点均衡了全网的能耗，且提高了协议的可扩展性 如何选举簇头、分簇、进行数据融合才能使能量更高效也是将来的研究方向3)在地理位置路由协议中，通过节点的地理位置信息，可以达到节约能量的目的如何智能地利用地理位置信息来辅助能量有效路由是一个值得探讨的问题因此，如何设计具有安全性保证的路由协议是一个有待解决的问题此外，还要考虑全网的通信负载平衡，路由协议的容错性以及节点的移动性等(译文)Routing Protocol for Wireless Senso
15、r Networks ResearchCommon network-based,micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)and System-on-Chip(SOC)of the rapid development,as well as the three aspects of the development of a highly integrated a lot of new information acquisition and processing mode,the sensor network is a case in point.In the w
16、ay of communication is generally believed that short-range low-power wireless communication technology best suited to the use of sensor networks for the sake of clarity,generally known as wireless sensor networks.At first,people thought that Internet technology combined with a mature Ad-hoc routing
17、mechanisms for sensor networks design is sufficient,but in-depth study shows that:sensor networks and traditional networks have significantly different technical requirements.The former data-center,the latter for the purpose of transferring data.In order to adapt to a wide range of applications,desi
18、gned to follow the traditional network of end-to-end on the edge 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 11 页 -of thought,with emphasis on all processing functions related to the client system on the network,the intermediate node is only responsible for data packet forwarding,For sensor networks,this may not
19、 be a reasonable choice.In the wireless sensor network architecture,network layer routing protocol is very important,but with the application and network infrastructure vary.Network layer is the main objective:to find sensor networks for energy-efficient and reliable to establish the routing of the
20、data transmission method,so that the longest life expectancy network.As a result of a number of sensor networks is different from traditional wireless Ad-hoc network characteristics,so it is very challenging route.First of all,as a result of many nodes,it is impossible to establish a mechanism to ad
21、dress the overall situation;Secondly,the data traffic generated significant redundancy,data aggregation can be used therefore to improve the utilization of energy and bandwidth;Third,to deal with energy and storage nodes limited capacity,the need for sophisticated resource management;Finally,as a re
22、sult of frequent changes in network topology,routing protocols need to have good robustness and scalability.1 existing programs Consider the characteristics of sensor networks and applications and infrastructure needs,the researchers put forward many proposals to solve the sensor network routing pro
23、blems.We can divide them into four categories:data-centric,hierarchical,location-based,network-based stream.1.1 data-centric routing protocol Such agreements is based on the query and the name of the target data above,and through data aggregation to reduce duplication of data transfer.It is based on
24、 traditional routing address significant differences.SPIN is the first data-centric Adaptive Routing Protocol,it is asked through the nodes to reduce data redundancy consultation data and save energy.D.Estrin,who developed a breakthrough to the proliferation of certain routing protocols(Directed Dif
25、usion)Node with a set of attribute values to rename it to generate the data,when the sink node to issue query,also used to define a combination of attributes of interest(interest)information,and 2.1 Data-centric Routing Protocol Data-centric routing protocol-based mechanism for the naming attribute
26、to describe the target data,through the convergence 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 11 页 -of the regional nodes to a specific request to send inquiries to obtain information and data transmission in data fusion process.SPIN is the first data-centric routing you,directional spread of DD(directed difus
27、ion)appeared,many of the proposed routing protocols are based on DD or follow similar ideas.2.1.1 Proliferation of directional orientation DD-proliferation agreements【4 Model-based mechanism for the naming attribute to describe the data and increase data integration and caching mechanisms.DD in the
28、running,including the path to establish,as far as to send and enhance the three stages of the path,as shown in Figure 1.DD introduces the concept of gradient network,can be found from the source node to the target node of the optimal path,and use the localization algorithm,able to meet the needs of
29、energy-efficient WSN,robustness and scalability requirements.However,due to the use of the on-demand query-driven data model,it does not apply to Central Habitat requirements of monitoring systems for transmission of data,and select the data match the query sensor nodes will consume more energy.2.1.
30、2 Fuzzy logic controller based on the multi-path data-centric Routing protocol 5 proposed a new data-centric multi-path routing program,which each sensor node in the attraction of a fuzzy logic controller structure.The structure of sensor nodes based on battery energy level and the type of data to m
31、easure the node name data transmission,so that low-energy nodes to avoid a large amount of data transmission,effectively extending the network life cycle.Multi-path mechanism and the food can guarantee failure in the network from the path of rapid recovery in order to conserve energy.2.2-level routi
32、ng protocol In order to ensure network scalability without reducing service quality,the design of many routing protocols use the idea of a sub-cluster will be divided into a number of regions throughout the WSN clusters,each cluster head in the election of a cluster,through the multi-hop communicati
33、ons and transmission of data fusion to reduce the amount of information to cluster nodes,thus saving energy.LEACH(1ow-energyadaptive clustering hierarchy)protocol is one of the first sub-cluster agreement,a number of other routing protocols are based on the level of LEACH.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7
34、页，共 11 页 -2.2.1 LEACH LEACH basic way of thinking is based on random selection cycle of the first cluster,the energy of the entire network load evenly distributed to each sensor node,thereby reducing the network energy consumption,increase the survival time of the network.LEACH protocol for each cyc
35、le can be divided into clusters and the establishment of two stages of data communications.The establishment of the cluster phase,the adjacent section Dynamic terrain cluster,cluster head randomly generated;in the data communication phase,cluster nodes within the data sent to the cluster head,cluste
36、r head for data fusion and the results distributed node clustering.With node-node communications directly compared with the convergence,LEACH protocol to reduce energy consumption by 7 times,with the minimum transmission energy routing compared to 4-8 times lower power consumption.But the use of LEA
37、CHs cluster algorithm for the election of the first non-uniform distribution,not suitable for large-scale networks and energy imbalance 网络.2.2.2 PEGASIS and stratified PEGASIS PEGASIS agreement was based on the improved design LEACH,and its purpose is to improve the network life cycle.LEACH algorith
38、m with multi-cluster structure,PEGASIS chain structure used to connect,nodes only need to with their most recent communication between neighbors.The simulation results show that compared with the LEACH protocol,and its life cycle to increase nearly 2-fold.However,away from the chain of the first nod
39、e of the data will cause excessive delays,and the only chain of the first node to become the bottleneck of communication networks.Lindsey put forward by the stratified PEGASIS agreement is an extension of PEGASIS using data parallel transmission mechanism and a means of avoiding the use of CDMA sign
40、al interference.The simulation results show that PE-GASIS than hierarchical network PEGASIS a view to improving the survival of about 60 times.2.2.3 HMRP literature 8 proposed a hierarchical multi-path Routing Protocol HMRP(hierarchical multiple-choice routingpath),the agreement as the first structu
41、re to a tiered WSN network,based on this hierarchical structure,the sensor nodes through the candidates parent node to the cluster node has established a number of the path.The simulation results 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 11 页 -show that,HM-RP with the traditional clustering compared to the str
42、ucture and tree structure,to extend the network life cycle.2.3 Location Routing Protocol In many WSN applications(such as forest fire prevention system),nodes often need to obtain its location information.In many routing protocols,the location information is usually also need to calculate the two sp
43、ecific nodes in order to estimate the distance between the amount of energy consumed.Geographic routing,as well as the assumption that nodes know their purpose or objectives of the regional node of the location information,the use of such information as the basis for routing,nodes forward the data a
44、ccording to certain strategies to the destination.This query will only release information to the designated area,it effectively reduces the number of data transmission,saving energy consumption.2.3.1 MECN and SMECN minimum energy communication network MECN(minimum energy communication network)proto
45、col was originally designed for MANET,but it is equally applicable to WSN.SMECN(small minimum energy communication net-work)agreement is an extension of the agreement MECN,which fully take into account any two nodes there may be a result of obstacles to direct communication between nodes can not be
46、the case.SMECN agreements MECN and low power use of GPS positioning system,and building energy by calculating the effective energy-saving target subnet.MECN agreement set up for each node forwarding the region,sent through the forwarding nodes in the region than the node to send data directly to the
47、 destination node passed to require less energy.A collection of all the forward region,constitutes a sending node on the periphery.MECN agreement with the characteristics of auto-configuration can be dynamically adaptive node failure and network distribution.However,the agreement assumes that the fu
48、ll network connectivity,which in the actual environment is not easy to do.2.3.2 GAF GAF(geographical adaptive fidelity)Agreement is based on location-based node clustering agreement is a MANET routing protocol,but it is equally applicable to WSN.The agreement to monitor the region into a number of v
49、irtual cells,nodes in accordance with its location information into the corresponding cells in each cell of a regular elected cluster head,only the cluster head node to maintain the activities of other nodes to enter sleep state,the same cell between the node labeled GPS location 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精
50、心整理-第 9 页，共 11 页 -information to communicate.The simulation results show that,GAF in delay,packet loss rate and lifetime,etc.are better than ordinary MA-NET protocol.However,location-based clustering algorithm for sensor networks to a higher demand,and the GAF algorithm is based on the planar model