“too…to”结构的用法与理解(精)(18页).doc

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1、-“tooto”结构的用法与理解(精)-第 17 页“tooto”结构的用法与理解宁县二中 魏阿荣“tooto”结构在英语教学中经常出现,是一个很常见的英语表达句式。此结构在形式上是肯定的,但在意义上却是否定的,再加上它有多种不同表达形式,学生很难完全掌握,因而也是英语教学中的一个难点。以下是中学课本中的几个例句:1.Its too heavy to carry. Please ask somebody to help us. (这太重了,我们搬不动,请叫人来帮帮我们。) 2.Its never too old to learn.(活到老,学到老。)3.He is too young to g

2、o to school.( 他太小了,不能去上学。)4.He slowed down after a while,fearing that he was getting too near to be safe.(隔了一会儿,他慢了下来,生怕太靠近了不安全。)5.My brother is too young to look after himself.(我的弟弟太小了,不能照顾自己。)就在这几个简单的句子中,“tooto”结构的用法都不尽相同,让我们来探讨对这个结构的理解和运用。首先,要搞清这个结构中各个部分的意义和关系。在“tooto”结构中,too 的意思是:“ in a higher d

3、egree than is admissible or desirable for a purpose”,即“超过了做某事所能允许或所需要的程度。”而其中的不定式则表示其结果或程度,作状语,修饰too。整个结构的意思是“太以致不能”。当然,这只是其基本意思,翻译时要根据上下文灵活处理。这种基本结构还有其他几种不同情况。现逐一举例说明:一 基本形式:too+adj. / adv.+to do .其中“to do” 修饰“too+adj. / adv.” 作为结果状语或程度状语。“to do”通常包含否定意义。For example: 1 The problem is too hard for a

4、 child to understand.(问题太难了,小孩子不能理解。)2 Examples are too many to cite.(例子太多,举不胜举。)3 Its too cold to go in the sea yet.(天太冷,还不能下海。)4 Its too long a journey to make in one day.(路程太远,一天之内到不了。)5 Its too good an opportunity to miss.(那是一个不应该错过的极好机会。)6 Its too early for us to go yet.(我们现在就去太早了点。)7 Its too c

5、old to go swimming.(天气太冷,不能去游泳。)8 He is too much of a coward(too cowardly) to fight.(他太懦弱,不敢抗争。)9 Its too late to shut the stable door when the steed is stolen.(贼去关门,为时已晚。)Lying in the pool of blood,she was too week to speak.(她躺在血泊里,虚弱得说不出话来。) 上述例句中,有的主语和不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系(即句子的主语在逻辑上是不定式的宾语),有的则没有这种关系。如果存

6、在这种动宾关系,句子的不定式用主动语态或被动语态在意义上常无多少差别。当然,如果不定式采用被动语态,这种逻辑上的动宾关系就变成了逻辑上的主谓关系了。For example:1 Atoms are too small to see(or be seen)with naked eyes.(原子太小,肉眼看不见。)2 Its too hot to eat(or to be eaten).(太烫了,没法吃。)3 The light is too dim to be used for close work.(这灯太暗,不能用来做细活。)4 That was too complicated to be e

7、xpressed clearly in one or tow words.(那太复杂了,无法用一、两句话表达清楚。)那究竟什么情况下用主动语态,什么情况下用被动语态呢?一般来说,哪种形式表意更清楚、更自然、更符合习惯,则取哪种形式。For example:1.Novels in the original are too difficult to read.(主动语态)(原版小说太难读了。)2.At that time he was too far away to be seen.(被动语态)(那时,他离得太远,看不到他。)以上这两个例句中的语态调换一下,则会引起意思不清或不自然。二 当“too

8、 to”结构之前加了not,only,but,all,never等词时, “ tooto”结构构成的句子也无否定意义。此时too后的形容词多为表示心情的形容词。因为,在此情况下,这些词加too在意义上相当于 very。For example:1.One is never too old to learn.(活到老,学到老。)2.Swimming is not too difficult to learn.(游泳并不十分难学。)3.We are only too pleased to go with her.(我们非常乐意和她一起去。)4.Mary knew but too well to ho

9、ld her tongue on that occasion.(玛丽深知在那种场合少说为妙。) 5.Its never too late to mend.(亡羊补牢,犹未为晚。)6.They are all too satisfied to follow others suit without the pain of thought for themselves.(他们十分满足于依样画葫芦,自己不肯花力气、动脑筋。)上面所提到的这些词只能和某些形容词或副词连用,用在“tooto”结构中,不能生搬硬套句型。如下面例句:He is too cruel to sympathy for others.

10、(他太残忍了,对人不会有同情心。)此例句中,在too cruel 之前不能添加only,but 之类的词,否则会引起逻辑上的自相矛盾。He is only too lazy to do it himself.(他太懒了,哪会自己去干那种事。)其中的only也属误用,应该去掉。由此可见,能否在too 之前加上诸如only,but 等词,关键是too 之后的形容词的意义。常用的形容词有glad,pleased,willing,thankful,good,true等等。1.At another time I learned that no matter was too small to escape

11、 the Prime Ministers attention.(另一次,我发现,事无巨细,总理事事关心。) 2.He was an all-round genius. Nothing was too difficult for him to learn.(他多才多艺,没有他学不会的东西。)3.The question was so easy. No one in the world was too foolish to answer it.(这个问题如此容易,不至于有谁蠢得答不上来。)三 此机构与ready,anxious,inclimed,apt,easy,eager,willing,hap

12、py 这一类词连用时,也不再含有否定意义。 too不再只和to do 发生关系,而是修饰too 之后的整个部分了。For example :1.The old women was too ready to talk.(那位老妇人太饶舌。)2.He is too ready to find fault.(他最喜欢挑毛病。)2.The tradesman was too anxious to sell his pens.(这位买卖人十分急于卖掉他的钢笔。)4.He was too willing to accept Marys invitation.(玛丽的邀请他求之不得。)5.Beginners

13、 are too apt to make mistakes here.(初学者特别容易在这儿搞错。)从这些例句中,我们不难发现,too 不仅没有使句子产生否定意义,相反,它还起了某种强调作用,使之成为一种加强语气的结构。这在教学中要引起注意。四、在“tooto”结构中,to do前用 not加以否定。“ tooto”结构通常已含有否定意义,在其中加上not后便形成了“双重否定为肯定”。这样,“ toonot to do”所表达的意思就是:“如此是会”,或“如此哪能不”。For example:1.He was too angry not to criticize her.(他太生气了,哪能不批

14、评她。)2.The poem is far too beautiful not to be requited here.(这首诗太美了,这里还要引用一下。)3.His experience there was too bitter not to be remembered.(他在那里的经历太惨了,不容他记不得。)4.Mr.Holmes was too wise not to see the tricks of the criminals.(福尔摩斯先生如此精明,岂能看不出罪犯玩弄的花招。)5.Tom is too hard-working not to pass the exam.(汤姆这么用

15、功,哪有考不及格的道理。)6.He read too many books about Africa not to known something about the social customs there.(他读了那么多有关非洲的书,不会不对哪儿的社会习俗有所了解。)五“Tooto”与 “enough to”和“ sothat”的区别:“tooto”结构与“enough to”和“ sothat”,它们间有共同点,也有不同点。1.共同点: A. 它们都可做结果状语或程度状语。For example:1)A train was coming near quickly,and the boy

16、was too frightened to move.(一列火车快速驶近,那个男孩子吓得不敢动了。)2)When we talk about the universe,we mean not only the earth,the sun,the moon and the stars,but also all the things too far away to see.(当我们谈到宇宙时,指的不仅是地球、太阳、月亮和星星,还有那些遥远的看不见的一切。)3)At the end of six months he had learned enough to read articles and re

17、ports in Russian. (六个月他学习得能看俄文版的文章和报道了。)4)Is the ice hard enough to skate on?(在冰上滑冰,冰硬不硬?)5)In fact,his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised him for it.(事实上,从马克思的其中一篇文章中可以看出,他的水平是很好的,从此,恩格斯给他写信表扬了他。)6)He had mastered the language so well that he was

18、 able to write the book in English.(他对英语掌握得很不错,能用它写这本书了。)B它们之间可以相互转换,其意义不变。1)“tooto”结构与“enough to”结构相互转换,要改用反义的形容词。如:Im afraid I am too stupid to follow your argument. = Im not wise enough to follow your argument.Spanish is not too difficult to learn. = Spanish is easy enough to learn.Your nails are

19、 long enough to scratch anybodys eyes out. =Your nails are not too short to scratch anybodys eyes out.That box is not big enough to hold all these things. = That box is too small to hold all these things.由此可见,在“tooto”结构与“enough to”结构的相互转换中,如果一种结构为肯定,另一种结构则为否定,反之也如此。2)“tooto”结构与“sothat”的否定从句可以相互转换。Fo

20、r example:It was too cold for us to go shopping= It was so cold that we couldnt go shopping.You are so big and the jar is so small that it could hardly hold one of your feet. = You are too big and the jar is too small for it to hold one of your feet.3)“enough to”结构与“sothat”结构相互转换。For example:It was

21、cold enough to freeze our fingers. = It was so cold that our fingers froze.The boys father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. = The boys father was thankful enough to teach Edison to send messages by railway telegraph.2.不同点:1)“tooto”结构通常表示否定意义,“enough to

22、”结构则表示肯定意义。For example:He was too tired to go any further.(他太疲倦了,不能再往前走了。)(表否定意义)This book is easy enough for a six-year old child to read.(这本书容易到六岁孩子都能读得懂。)(表肯定意义)2)“tooto”和“enough to”结构不能引导状语,而“sothat”结构可以引导状语从句。For example:Its too hot to work.(简单句)I was fool enough to believe her.(简单句)He was so i

23、ll that we had to send for doctor.(复合句)3)enough作形容词、副词时,在句子中所处的位置不同: enough作为形容词修饰名词时,它的位置可以在所修饰的名词前面或名词的后面。 For example:We have money enough to buy a car.There was enough food left over to feed a dozen more people.Enough作为副词时,它在修饰的形容词或副词后面。 For example:Hes not good enough for us to carry.(修饰形容词)He

24、plays the violin well enough to perform at a concert.(修饰副词)“tooto”结构的形式多样,应用方法也较灵活,因此在使用此结构时不能只按传统意义套用,要从实践中学会灵活使用,正确使用。本文所归纳的几条规则,只是一个初步的尝试,请读者多加指正。 二0 0四年五月二十日浅谈美国英语与英国英语的差别两三百年来,美国英语在词汇方面、语音方面、拼写及语法习惯方面与英国英语有些分歧。美国英语和英国英语是同种语言,但这决不是美国所特有的一种语言。它们在语法基本规律、语音基本规律与词汇方面是一致的,所有的分歧也只是在某些方面存在的问题,现就这些方面简单地

25、谈谈。一、美国英语与英国英语的分歧点:1.拼写方面的分歧: 美国英语的拼写经过改革已经简单化了,它有以下两个原则:(1) 取消不发音的字母而代以发音字母;(2) 除去所有的收尾默音e及双重辅音字母。l 以-our结尾的词在American English中写成-or。For example:colour-color;labour-labor;humour-humor;armour-armor;favour-favor。l 以-re结尾的词在American English中写成 er。For example:centre-center;metre-meter;theatre-theater;f

26、ibre-fiber。l 以-l结尾的词在加上后缀时 Britain English要把- l 双写,而AmE则不双写。For example:labelled-labeled traveller-traveler;quarrelling-quarreling。l Britain English用l,而American English 则用 -ll。For example:enrol-enroll;fulfil-fulfill;skilful-skillful。l 以-p结尾的词在加上后缀时,BrE将 p双写,而 AmE 则不双写。如:Worshippedworshiped;kidnappin

27、gkidnaping。l 以ise结尾的词,BrE写成 ise或 ize均可,而AmE 则一般写成ize。For example:organiseorganize;civilisecivilize;mobilisemobilize。l 来自希腊或拉丁文的词,其中的ae或 oe在 AmE中常写成 e。For example:aestheticesthetic;aetiologyetiology;oesophagusesophagus。l 以-ce结尾的词在 AmE写成- se。For example:defencedefense。l 以-gue结尾的词在 AmE 中写成g。For example

28、:dialoguedialog;cataloguecatalog;monologuemonolog。l en-在 AmE中写成 in-。For example:enquireinquire。l -mm-在 AmE中写成 m。For example:grammegram;programmeprogram。l -ph- 在AmE中写成f-。For example:sulphursulfur。l 以-que结尾的词在 AmE中写成 ck或 k。 For example:chequechek;queuecue。 -x-d在AmE中写成 ct-。 For example: connexion-conne

29、ction; reflexion-reflection.-在AmE中省略 .For example:-axe-ax; good-bye_good-by.l 以-tte 结尾的词在美国英语中写t.e.g.cigarette-cigaret.l -gg-在美国英语中写成 -g-.wagon-wagon.英语在语音方面的分歧:美国英语不但在词汇方面和英国英语有些不同,在语音方面也有些不同的地方。(3) 语音方面的分歧:元音及双元音有些不同的读法。)一些an 字母组合中的a,BrE读a:而AmE读。如dancedns-da:ns;demanddimnd-dima:nd;chancetnsta:nsfrancefrns/fra:ns;answerns/a:ns;command,kmndkma:nd.)As a BrE a: AmE asksk/a:sk;passps/pa:s;lastlst/

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