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1、-选修8 UNIT5 词汇讲解-第 5 页Unit 5Meeting your ancestors1. alternative n可能的选择adj.供选择的，其他的Can you think of the alternatives we would use today？(教材P37)你能想出今天我们使用的替代品吗？I offered the alternative suggestions of spending the vacation in the mountains or by the sea.我提议这次要么到山区要么到海边度假。have the alternative of doing
2、sth. 有做的选择；可以做have no alternative/choice but to do sth. 别无选择只好做alternative/choice/selectionalternative一般强调在只有两种可能性或者行为方式之间进行的选择。choice泛指从一组人或物中进行的自由选择。selection含有从许多可供选择的人或物中择优选择的意思。(2013天水高二质检)In this school，the students have three _ courses and seven _ courses.Arequired；alternative Brequiring；alte
3、rnative Crequire；alternate Drequire；alternative2starvation n挨饿；饿死Did they suffer from cold，starvation or disease？(教材P37)他们遭受寒冷，饥饿或疾病吗？There are many people suffering from starvation in the world at present.现在，世界上仍然有许多人在挨饿。starve vt.& vi.(使)饿死；渴望 starve.to death 使饿死starve to death 饿死 starve for sth.渴
4、求/需要什么starve to do sth.想要干某事 starve sb.into sth./into doing sth. 断绝食物(或资金)来源以迫使某人做某事3. It_is_a_great_pleasure_to_meet you students from England，who are interested in archaeology.(教材P38)很高兴见到你们这些来自英国的且对考古学感兴趣的学生。这是一个复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词students；主句部分It is a great pleasure to meet you students from
5、England，是一个以it作形式主语的句子，真正的主语是to meet you students from England。It is very important for us to learn English well.对我们来说学好英语非常重要。it作形式主语的句型有：Itben./adj.v.ing结构 Itben./adj.(for sb.)to do sth.Itben./adj.of sb.to do sth. Itben./adj.that.【提示】在此句型中表示赞扬或批评的形容词是wise，clever，stupid，foolish，kind，nice，good，rude，
6、cruel等时，介词of不能换成for。此句型也可以转换成sb.beadj.to do sth.。She was foolish to waste money on such clothes. 她很愚蠢花钱买这种衣服。4interrupt v打断；中断；插嘴Im sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here？(教材P38)对不起，打断了你(的讲话)，请问他们怎么能够住在这个地方呢？Dont interrupt the speaker；ask questions afterwards. 不要打断演说者，等他讲完后再问问题。interrup
7、tion n中断；阻断物 without interruption 不间断地interruptive adj.阻碍的；打扰的I managed to work for two hours without interruption.我总算连续工作了两个小时。interrupt/disturbinterrupt突然中断、打断他人言语或行为，使其不能继续。disturb较正式用词，多用被动语态。指扰乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序。Youd better not interrupt him.He is sleeping. 你最好别打扰他。他在睡觉。5So we think it is
8、reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless_of the cold.(教材P38)因此我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。(1)assume v假定；假想；以为；假装；装作；担任；承担I had assumed him to be a Belgian.我本以为他是比利时人。Dont always assume the worst.别总往最坏处想。assume sb./sth.to be.假定/假设某人/某事为 It is assumed that.被认为assumption n假定；设想 make an assu
9、mption认为，假定 on the assumption that.假定assuming that假设/假定It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.普遍认为压力来自于过多的工作。assume/guess/imagineassume假设；设想；认为。指很少或完全无根据的心理推测，并非合乎逻辑的推理，或指为论证而提出有一定根据的假设。guess猜测；猜想。最常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。imagine想象。指毫无根据随意想象，可在脑海中构成明确的、清晰的图像。Im sorry I could
10、nt guess who you were on the telephone.对不起，我在电话里听不出你是谁。用assume/guess/imagine的适当形式填空(2)regardless of不管；不顾They rebuilt the house regardless of cost.他们不惜成本重建了那所房子。He went to the rescue of a drowning child regardless of his personal safety他把个人安危置之度外去救一个溺水儿童。regardless of/despite/in spite of这三个短语都可以表示“不管
11、，不顾”，但是用法不同。regardless of不管；不顾；不理会。一般用语。despite虽然；尽管；不顾。语气较弱，多用于诗歌或正式的文体中。in spite of虽然，尽管；不顾。多用于书面语，语气较重。【提示】regardless，despite，in spite of后不能直接跟从句，但可以接the fact that.。6Weve discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where_they_made_fires.(教材P38)我们发现在洞穴的中央有生火用的火炉。(1)这是一个复合句。weve discovered fir
12、eplaces in the centre of the caves是主句部分，where引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the caves，并在定语从句中作状语。(2)where引导定语从句，在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词一般是表示地点的名词，相当于介词which。Is there a shop around where(in which) we can get fruit？附近有我们能买到水果的商店吗？【提示】where在从句中只能充当状语，如果不是作状语，就要换用that或which。This is the factory where his father worked last year
13、. 这是去年他父亲工作的那家工厂。This is the factory (which/that) we visited yesterday. 这是我们昨天参观的那家工厂。(2013北京高考)Many countries are now setting up national parks_animals and plants can be protected.AwhenBwhichCwhoseDwhere7It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut_up animals and remove their skin.(教材P3
14、8)看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮。(1)sharpen vi.& vt.使尖锐；使急剧；变尖锐，变急剧The walk has sharpened my appetite.散步增加了我的食欲。sharp adj.锋利的；急剧的；敏锐的；尖刻的 sharpener n磨具；削具sharpen sth. up使达到标准；使符合质量要求Be careful with that knifeits very sharp. 当心那把刀子它很锋利。He decided to come here at two oclock sharp. 他决定两点整来这儿。en是后缀，en是前缀。有些名词、形
15、容词前或后加上该词辍后可构成动词，表示“变为”、“使有”、“变得”、“变得有”，如：hearten，strengthen，darken，harden，weaken，ripen，soften，enrich，enlarge等。一些物质名词之后加上该词缀后可构成形容词，表示“由制作的”，如：wooden，woolen，golden。(2)cut up切碎；剪碎；用刀等把某物切成小块；摧毁，粉碎；使伤心；使悲痛He has to have his food cut up for him. 他得让人替他把食物切碎。cut across 抄近路；径直穿过 cut away切掉；剪掉 cut down 砍倒
16、；杀死；消减，缩短cut in 插嘴；突然插入 cut into halves/pieces切成两半/碎块cut out切掉；删掉 cut through 将凿穿；抄近道 cut off 切掉；砍掉；从上截下I wish Jane would stop cutting in on our conversation. 我希望简不要打断我们的谈话。8ample adj.足够的；充足的；富裕的；大的；宽敞的After that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin.(教材P38), 然后，他们可能在兽皮上边擦上大量的盐We have
17、 ample money for the journey.我们用于度假的钱很充裕。9.as_the_botanical_analyses_have_shown_us，all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.(教材P39)正如植物学分析结果所显示的那样，这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖。句中as引导的是非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指后面句子的内容。The Pacific is the largest ocean，as we all know.太平洋是最大的洋，这一点我们都知道。(正如我们所知道的，
18、太平洋是最大的洋。)as/whichas与which在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别as的用法在从句中通常作主语指代整个主句；表示的意思是正如，正像；其引导的定语从句既可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。which的用法关系代词，在从句中作主语或宾语，指代人或物。当指代整个主句时表示的意思是主句和从句之间是因果关系即因为所以。其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。As we expected，we won the game. 我们赢了，这一点在我们预料之中。(正如我们预料的一样，我们赢了。)As is known to all，he is the best student in our cl
19、ass. 众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。(2013山东高考)There is no simple answer，_ is often the case in science. Aas Bthat Cwhen DWhere1significance n意义；意思；重要性；重要意义The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money. 大学生打工的意义不仅在于钱。the significance of.的重要性/含义 be of (great) significance 有(重大
20、)意义/(非常)重要be of no significance 无意义/不重要 be of little significance 不太重要significant adj.重大的；重要的；显著的 significantly adv.有重大意义地；显著地；明显地；有某种意义of抽象名词相当于抽象名词对应的形容词，即：be of significancebe significant，如：be of importancebe important be of usebe useful be of valuebe valuable2. somehow adv.不知怎么地；以某种方式Somehow he
21、cycled thirty miles to Dr.Black.(教材P40)不知怎么地，他骑车30英里去了布莱克医生家Somehow，I dont feel I can trust him.不知什么原因，我觉得我不能信任他。Well get there somehow.我们得设法到那里。【提示】副词somehow可置于句首、句中或句末。置于句首及句末时，也可与主句之间用逗号隔开。somewaysomehow以某种方式；不知怎么地 somewhat adv.稍微；有点儿anyhowanyway无论如何；尽管，即使这样(2013泰州高二检测)Im sorry I didnt recognize
22、you just now.You look different_.AsomewhatBsomehow Canyhow Danyway3. be fed up with受够了，饱受，厌烦Well，Im fed up with all the attention.(教材P41) 噢，我厌烦了所有的关注Im fed up with the job.我对这份工作极其厌烦。feed back反应；反馈 feed sb./sth.on sth.用喂养feed sth.to sb./sth.喂给 feed on sth.(动物)以为食，靠活live on sth.(人)以为主食；靠生活表示“对厌倦”的短语有
23、：be tired of be bored with1If only it could be just like last year！(教材P43) 要是能像去年那样就好了！if only要是就好了，引导感叹句或状语从句，动词用虚拟语气，表示愿望或未实现的条件。【提示】if only“要是就好了；但愿”。if only后的句子常用虚拟语气，表达强烈的愿望或遗憾。if only所在的句子可以用一般过去时(表示与现在事实可能相反)、过去将来时(表示与将来事实可能相反)或过去完成时(表示与过去事实相反)。if only/only ifif only“但愿，要是就好了”，引导感叹句或状语从句，动词用虚
24、拟语气，表示愿望或未实现的条件。only if“只有才，直到才”，引导条件状语从句，不用虚拟语气，其中的only表示强调。因为状语从句放在句首，又用only强调，所以主句主、谓语要倒装。If only she would pass the examination! 但愿她考试能及格！Only if you study hard can you pass the examination. 你只有努力学习，才能通过考试。2applaud vi.& vt.鼓掌欢迎；赞赏She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his c
25、hoice.(教材P43)当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候，她觉得非常自豪。applaud sb./sth.(for sth.)(因某事)赞赏某人/某事 applause n鼓掌；喝彩；夸奖；赞扬3look ahead向前看；为将来打算If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year！(教材P43) 她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！look around/round 仔细查看；寻找 look back 回顾；回想 look down upon/on歧视；看不起look forward to希望；盼望 look on sb.
26、as把某人看做(或当做) look into调查，审查look out当心；注意 look through浏览；仔细看 look up好转，有起色；向上看；查找look up and down 上下打量4accelerate vi.& vt.加速；促进Having heard wolves howling in the forest，Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.(教材P43)听见狼群在森林里嚎叫，拉
27、拉加快了回洞穴的步伐，担心会有野兽在等着她。acceleration nU加速；促进The figures show an acceleration in the rate of economic growth.这些数字显示了经济增长率的加速。accelerate/hurry/quicken/speedaccelerate vi. & vt.强调运动速度或事情进展的加快，但并不一定只用于速度。hurry n. & vt. &vi.强调造成混乱、妨碍精神集中的匆忙活动。quicken vt. & vi.强调所需时间的缩短，并含有“激发、刺激”的意思。speed n. & vt. & vi.强调运
28、动或进展的快速，作及物动词时，意为“加速”；作不及物动词时，作“高速行驶，高速前进”讲。(2013邢台高二检测)As is well known，peasants often use special chemicals to _ the growth of crops.AimproveBincrease Cpromote Daccelerate5She had_almost_reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.(教材P43)快到达目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她不
29、往前走了，停了下来。(1)when作为并列连词，常常意为“在这时”，强调动作的突发性。We had just fallen asleep when the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡，突然铃声响了起来。be doing.when.正在做时突然 be about to do.when.正要做时突然be just going to do.when.正要这时 had just done.when.刚刚突然be on the point of doing.when.正要这时I was watching TV when someone knocked at the door.我正在看电视，就在那
30、时有人敲门。(2)arrest vt.逮捕；吸引；阻止；中止 n逮捕；拘留The police were called in，but they could not arrest anyone.警察被叫来了，但他们不能逮捕任何人。arrest sb.for 因而逮捕某人 get arrested 遭逮捕 arrest ones attention引起某人注意under arrest 在关押中 make an arrest 进行拘捕6Abruptly she sat down，only_to_be_scooped_up_by_her_laughing，shouting_sister，Luna.(P
31、43)突然间她坐了下来，却被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把抱了起来。(1)本句中的主句是abruptly she sat down，不定式短语only to be scooped up.作结果状语；现在分词laughing和shouting作定语，修饰sister。(2)不定式作结果状语，通常表示事与愿违或出乎意料的结果。I went to see home，only to find him out. 我去看他，不料他出去了。I rushed to Li Huas home，only to be told that he was out. 我匆忙赶到李华家，结果被告知他不在。【提示】 不定式在句中
32、作结果状语，强调意料不到的结果；而动词ing形式在句中作结果状语，强调必然的结果。The fire was too big and out of control，burning the whole building down.火太大并失去了控制，把整座楼都烧倒了。(2012四川高考)Tom took a taxi to the airport，only _ his plane high up in the sky.Afinding Bto find Cbeing found Dto have found7date back todate from追溯到All the objects are f
33、rom the same excavation site in Sanxingdui and can be dated back to between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago.(教材P44)所有的这些物体来自相同的三星堆遗址，能够追溯到3 000到5 000年前。out of date 过时的，过期的 up to date 最新(uptodate adj.最新式的 to date 到目前为止，至今set/fix a date for sth.约定的日期 have a date with sb.同某人约会 go on a date去约会【提示】date from与date back to一般用主动语态。而且当谈论现存的一件物品时，虽然该物品制造于过去某一时期，date from，date back to却通常用一般现在时。