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1、高中英语语法 -被动语态一被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态由 be过去分词构成， be随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为（常用九种时态）：1) am/is/are +done ( 过去分词 ) 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. 3） am/is /are
2、 being done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here 4） was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6） was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being hel
3、d when I was there. 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8） should/would be done 过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July. 10） shoul
4、d/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例 He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon. 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 14 页2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主
5、语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。 通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语” 结构变为被动语态时， 将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get以及
6、感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词” ， “动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till
7、 Friday. 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态 ) 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public. 二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时， 不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by 短语)。例My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I shou
8、ld accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 14 页例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“ Itbe过去分词 th
9、at 从句”或“主语 be过去分词 to do sth.”。有：It is said that据说 ,It is reported that据报道， It is believed that大家相信， It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为， It is suggested that 据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exa
10、m. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门 , 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动
11、词和短语， 如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义精选学
12、习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 14 页在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1在 need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing （to be repaired ）这房子需要修理。2形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading（T
13、he picture-book is very worthy to be read ）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。 )试比较： Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you 不是 post动作的执行者。 )4. 在某些“
14、形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice， easy ，fit， hard，difficult ， important，impossible， pleasant ，interesting等。例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）. 5在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to
15、 buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost）（用to lose可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。）7. 在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响 ,下列动词 rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
16、 -第 4 页，共 14 页例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中” 。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment （在治疗中）, under repair （在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中） , under construction （在施工中）。例 The bui
17、lding is under construction( is being constructed). 2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信 )， beyond one s reach （鞭长莫及）， beyond ones control（无法控制）， beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief （=cant be believed ）3. “above+名词” 结构, 表示 “(品质、行为、 能力等 ) 超过、高于”。例 His honest char
18、acter is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praised enough 4“for+名词”结构，表示“适于、为着”。如： for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5“in+名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中）， in sight(在视野范围内 )，等。例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 6“
19、on+名词”结构 , 表示“在从事中”。常见的有： on sale(出售)，on show（展出） , on trial（受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 7 “out of+名词”结构；表示“超出之外 “，常见的有：out of control (控制不了 )，out of sight （超出视线之外）， out of ones reach( 够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (can t be
20、 controlled)。8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 14 页例 He took two days off within the teachers permission 七、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例 The glass is brok
21、en （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例 The door is locked （系表结构）The door has already/just been locked （被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired 八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ wit
22、h milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态 ) 。例 I dont like being
23、laughed at in the public. 二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时， 不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 14 页1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by 短语)。例My bike was stolen last night. 2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为
24、了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“ Itbe过去分词 that 从句”或“主语 be过去分词 to do sth.”。有：It is said that据说 ,It is reported that据报道， It is b
25、elieved that大家相信， It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为， It is suggested that 据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，
26、wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well. 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门 , 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 14 页2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语， 如：happen, last, tak
27、e place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable. 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1在
28、need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing （to be repaired ）这房子需要修理。2形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read ）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名
29、词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。 )试比较： Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you 不是 post动作的执行者。 )4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice， easy ，f
30、it， hard，difficult ， important，impossible， pleasant ，interesting等。例 This problem is difficult to work out . （可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）. 5在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 14 页例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中，当
31、动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose （to be lost）（用to lose可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。）7. 在 be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响 ,下列动词 rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语
32、表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中” 。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment （在治疗中）, under repair （在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中） , under construction （在施工中）。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed). 2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见
33、的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信 )， beyond one s reach （鞭长莫及）， beyond ones control（无法控制）， beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief （=cant be believed ）3. “above+名词” 结构, 表示 “(品质、行为、 能力等 ) 超过、高于”。例 His honest character is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praised enough 4“for+名词”
34、结构，表示“适于、为着”。如： for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 5“in+名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中）， in sight(在视野范围内 )，等。例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 14 页6“on+名词”结构 , 表示“在从事中”。常见的有：
35、 on sale(出售)，on show（展出） , on trial（受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 7 “out of+名词”结构；表示“超出之外 “，常见的有：out of control (控制不了 )，out of sight （超出视线之外）， out of ones reach( 够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (can t be controlled)。8“within+名词”
36、结构，“在内、不超过”。例 He took two days off within the teachers permission 七、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例 The glass is broken （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例 The doo
37、r is locked （系表结构）The door has already/just been locked （被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired 八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2). Thi
38、s is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is killed 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 14 页C. was killed D. was killing 3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B
39、. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting 4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the ticket
40、s _.（上海春 2001）A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked (1-5 BCADB)2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002) A. to see
41、B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 2). While shopping, people sometimes can t help _ into buying something they don t really need. （上海 1996）A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded 3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to bl
42、ame C. is to be blamed D. should blame (1-3 BCA)【强化训练】精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 14 页1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept ；will have to B are not kept；have C do not keep ；will have to D do not keep；have to 2. The fifth
43、 generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 3. - _ the sports meet might be put off - Yes，it all depends on the weather A Ive been told B Ive told C Im told D I told 4. I need one more
44、stamp before my collection _. A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed 5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of la
45、st month. A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken 8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _. A. have been taken place; ha
46、ve been set up B. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 14 页A. had cost B. cost C. is cost D. cost10. - Look! Everything here is under construction. - Wh
47、ats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building 11.- Do you like the material?- Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ ChineseAwrite B. to write C. to be written D written 13. I have no
48、 more letters _ ，thank youAto type Btyping Cto be typed Dtyped14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily. A. won t wash out B. won t be washed out C. isnt washed out D. isn t washing out15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put
49、up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out16. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith. A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to17. - What do you think of the book?-Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 18. The squirrel was lucky
50、 that it just missed _. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 14 页A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 19. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked 20. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercises A. Having