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1、学习必备欢迎下载初中英语从句总复习英语 2010-02-14 21:05:47 阅读 107 评论 0 字号：大中小初中阶段着重要研究的从句有：宾语从句、状语从句、no matter 从句和定语从句。第一讲 从句的共同特点从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点： 1.从句都有自己的连接词2.从句都是陈述语序（陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：He is a teacher主语 He 在谓语 is 之前，因此是陈述语序，而 Is he a t
2、eacher? 主语 He 在谓语 is 之后，因此不是陈述语序。）第二讲：宾语从句宾语从句是中考的一个重要得分点，大家复习时一定要重视。在研究宾语从句之前我们先来看一下什么是宾语。宾语就是在句子中用来回答谁做了什么中什么的成分，如I lost my car 中 my car 就回答了我丢失了什么中的“ 什么” ，因此 my car 就是宾语，宾语包括动宾、介宾，动宾就是跟在及物动词后的宾语，如： I have finished my homework （my homework 是跟在 finish 后的动宾） ；介宾就是跟在介词后作宾语 ，如：I m interested in Englis
3、h (English 是跟在 in 后的介宾语 )。宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子，如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up. 宾语从句的特点： 1.宾语从句有自己的连接词2.宾语从句用陈述语序3.宾语从句的时态一.宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether( 是否)、特殊疑问词。一般情况下选用连接词时 ，多用翻译语气法 ，在研究语气翻译翻译法之前，让我们先来看一下什么是语气，语气就是说话的口气，语气可分为三种：A.陈述语气即没有任何疑问的不需要回答的语气，如：I have found m
4、y lost car；B 一般疑问语气：可以用Yes 或 No 来回答的疑问语气，如： Do you need a piece of paper? Yes, thank you.; C 特殊疑问语气：需要具体回答的语气，如：When were you born? October 3 rd. 在为宾语从句选连接词时 ，我们首先应将宾语从句译成汉语 ，看是什么语气 ，陈述语气用 that 作连接词，that 可以省略，如： He told me （that） his father would come back the next week. 一般疑问语气用if/whether 作连接词， if 与
5、 whether 大多数情况下可以互换，但当宾语从句中有or not 时，不可用 if 只可用 whether ，如：She asked his mother if /whether she could help her. He wanted to know whether his father would come to see him the next day or not. 特殊疑问语气用特殊疑问词 ，如：He wants to know what he can do to help his sister. 特殊疑问词含义： 1).wh-型 what (什么) What do you w
6、ant to eat? What(哪个)+可数名词单数/不可数名词What class are you in? What time is it now? when(什么时候 ) When do you want to meet him? Where(哪里) Where are you 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载from? Who( 谁)主格 Who is calling you? Whom(谁) 宾格 Whom do you want to help you with your Englis
7、h?(口语中常用 who 来代替 whom) whose （谁的）（+名词） Whose cup is this? There is a cup on the desk, whose is it? Why(为什么) Why do you like music so much? Which(哪一个 )+可数名词单数Which apple do you want? Which （哪一些） +可数名词复数Which apples are from his garden? Which （哪一个）Which do you prefer, this apple or that? 2). how- 型 ho
8、w（怎样） How do you usually come to school? How (身体怎样 ) How are you? How long(多长时间 ) How will you stay in China ? How soon(多长时间以后 )与将来时（包括现在将来时与过去将来时）连用How soon will you be back? How often( 多长时间一词 )注意当遇到了诸如： three times a day/a week 之类的也用 how often How often do you have a maths lesson? Twice a day. How
9、 many times(多少次 ) How many times do you take this medicine a day? Three times. How much (多少)+ 不可数名词How much meat do you want? 注意问钱不忘how much How much is your shirt? How many(多少)+可数名词复数How many people (本身就是复数 ) are there in your family? How old (多大)问年龄 How old is that boy? 7 years old. How far (多远) H
10、ow far is it from your home to your school? Two kilometers away. How tall (多高 ) 一般指人高树高烟囱高，How tall is the boy? How high(多高)一般指山高建筑物高及离开地面高，How high can he jump? 二.宾语从句的语序； A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序 （主语在前，谓语在后） ,如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow B.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had help
11、ed him 三.宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“ 主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现 ” 。A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如： 1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时 ) 2.He asks me if I saw his brother yesterday(一般过去时 ) 3.She wants to know what has happened(现在完成时 ) 4.I say that the world is changing all the time(现在进行时 )
12、 5.He wonders what I was doing at five yesterday afternoon.(过去进行时 ) 6.My father tells me that he will fly to Qingdao for a holiday(现在将来时 ) 7.My sister says he had learn one thousand English words by the end of last term(过去完成时 ) 8.My friends hopes me that I can help him(含情态动词的一般现在时 ) B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过
13、去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“ 过”字的时态中任选一种，带 “ 过” 字的时态分别是如： 1.一般过去时， 2.过去进行时，3.过去将来时， 4.过去完成时1.He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载2.She asked me whether I was watching TV at this time last day(过去进行时 ) 3.I wanted to say that our tea
14、m would beat them(过去将来时 ) 4.He wondered if I had finished my homework (过去完成时 ) 5.I said I could help him (含情态动词的一般过去时 ) C.客观真理一般现 :客观真理永远用一般现在时，如：1.He says the moon goes around the earth 2.He told me that one and one makes two. 第三讲 状语从句状语从句是历年中考的一个必考项目，一定要特殊注意。英语中 ,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial) 。状
15、语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等，根据状语的功能状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。一时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词 ：when（当时候） while（当时候） as（当时候） after（在以后） before （在以前） as soon as （一就） since（自从 到现在） till /until（直到 才） by the time（到为止）依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例： 1.when 当的时候（一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。）Moz
16、art started writing music when he was four years old. (当)莫扎特的时候，开始写音乐作品。I will become a teacher when I grow up 当我长大了，我要当老师2.while 当时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中参观了许多地方。3.as 在的同时；一边 一边He smiled as he stood up. 他一边站起来一边笑着。4.after 在之后He left the classroom after he had finish
17、ed his homework the other day. 前几天做完作业之后回的家。5.before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。6.as soon as 一就( 一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。) We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那就开始
18、工作。I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就给你写信。7.since 自以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间 )为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。 ) 8 till /until 都可以作连词，连接时间状
19、语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。Xiao Ming didn t leave home till / until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。9. by the time 到为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。By the time I got to school, the class h
20、ad already began. 我到校时，已经开始上课了。用法辨析： 1.when, while 和 as 的区别when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when 有时表示 “ 就在那时 ” 。例如：When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。 (瞬时动词 ) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）We were about to leave when he came
21、in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while 有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词， was reading 和 was watching 同时发生 ) I like playing football while you
22、 like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）As 表示“ 一边一边” ，as 引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生； as 也可以强调 “ 一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（ as 表示“ 一边一边” ）As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）as when while 的辨析as when while 都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：as
23、 表示“ 一边。一边的意思强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时when 1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前或之后发生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那个时候 ) 3.常用于常见搭配中while 1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里时，正在下大雨。( 动作同时发生， when 可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为 get 是点动词 .) When I had read th
24、e article, he called me. 我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用 when ) When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. (当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when, 并要注意时态 ) He was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要离开 ，忽然电话响了 。( 此时不能放在句首 。主句动词一般表达“ 正在” “即将”.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 -
25、- - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载while, as 不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比， when, as都不能代替它 ) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while 后引
26、导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间) Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时 as ,when, while 可通用 ) 2. 由 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句。till 和 until 一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时
27、，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back. 直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。3. 由
28、 since 引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，表述为：现在完成时 +since+ 一般过去时。但在It is 时间 since 从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？It is four years since my sister lived
29、 in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展1. It is since 从。以来多长时间了 (因为 since + 从句或名词，表示一段时间) It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载2. It is +before(。才 ) It was a long tim
30、e before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before( until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时，警察才来。二.原因状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词：由连词 because, since, as引导, 也可由 for, now that 等词引导1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 既
31、然大家都来了 , 让我们开始开会吧 . 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好 , 你就不该熬夜 . 4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶 ,因为我有事要告诉她 . 用法辨析： because , since , as , for辨析1）because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as 或 since。I didn t go, b
32、ecause I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2） 由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末 ，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 三、条件状语从句连接词： if 如果, unless (=if not) 除非。 (让步) 1.If it
33、 doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨 , 我们就去远足 . 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习 ,就会取得好成绩 . 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我不会去参加聚会的 , 除非他也去 .(如果他不去 ,我也不去 .) 4.You will be late unless you leave immediately. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - -
34、- - -第 7 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载如果你不马上走 ,你将会迟到的 .(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候 ,从句要用一般现在时 . He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow. 一般将来时，一般现在时They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.一般将来时 , 一般现在时四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状
35、语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat 引导。1.so that 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有教育性，我们感到很兴奋。He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的进步。
36、2.so that 以至于 , 以便于I ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. ( 目的) 我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。3. such that 如此以至It s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。4.in order that=so that: 为了We shall l
37、et you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 5.比较： so 和 such 其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定 。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组 ，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little 连用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a fool精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - -
38、-第 8 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载so nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配， a lot of 虽相当于many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用 such 搭配。）sothat 与 suchthat 之间的转换既为so 与 such 之间的转换。The boy is so young tha
39、t he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 难点so+形容词或副词so+形+a(an)+ 单数可数名词so +many 或 few+复数可数名词+that +much 或 little+不可数名词so that ,suchthat 都可以 in order that 两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would 等次。so +adj 或 adv.+ that ， such +n.+
40、that 以上两种句型都表示结果 ,其中 so 为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little 修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such 为形容词 , 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。I ve had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我跌了很
41、多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. 2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any.笔记本太少了 ,我一本也给不了你 . 3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk.天气是如此只好 ,以致于我想去散散步 . 4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The wea
42、ther is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好 ,以致于我想去散散步 . 五、让步状语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词：though, although. ，whetheror not难点：though, although当“ 虽然” 讲, 都不能和 but 连用. Although/thoughbut 的格式是不对的 .但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以 thought
43、 (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的 . Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有 , 然而他并不快乐 . Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大
44、了 ,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析although 不能 though 那样用作副词 , 表示强调时要用even though. 1、He is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康 . 考点2、Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。3、He is quite experienced, he is young, though. 尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。典型例题1） _she is young, she knows quite
45、a lot.A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless 答案： C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。3)ever if, even though.即使We ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 尽管天气很坏，我们仍将要去旅行。4) whetheror not不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你信不信，那是真的第三讲 no matter 从句结构： no matter + 特殊疑问词疑问词 +陈述语序 或特殊疑问词 +后缀 ever+陈述语序 No
46、matter what happened, he would not mind. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 15 页学习必备欢迎下载Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换： no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = howe
47、ver 注意： no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错） No matter what you say is not useful now. （对）Whatever you say is not useful now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句 ) （错） Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么第四讲 定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词 、代词的成分，如：I
48、will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.( 中 beautiful 就是定语 ) 定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后，如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital. 定语从句的连接词：1.连接代词： who、which、whom 、whose 、that 2.连接副词： when、where 、why 选用连接词的关键是看先行词，先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，如：The boy who is playing football is my br
49、other. (这里 the boy 就是先行词 ) 一、连接代词的选用： 1.who 指人，先行词为人 ,在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom 指人，先行词为人 ,在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom
50、 I want to see. 注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend 3.which 指物，先行词为物 ,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 15