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1、学习必备欢迎下载初一年级(下)【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. a bottle of 一杯 . 2. a little 一点点(形容不可数名词)3. a lot (of) 许多4. all day 整天,一天到晚5. be from 来自 . 6. come from 来自 . 7. come back 回来8. be over .结束9. do one s homework做家庭作业10. do the shopping 买东西,购物11. get down 下来,记下,弯下12. get home 回家13. get to 到达,开始14. get up 起床15. go shopping
2、 购物16. have a drink of 喝一杯 . 17. have a look 看一看18. have breakfast 吃早餐19. have lunch 吃午餐20. have supper 吃晚餐21. listen to 听.| 22. not at all 一点也不23. put away 把 .收起来,放好,储存24. take off 脱下,起飞25. throw it like that把.像.一样扔出去26. would like 想要27. in the middle of the day 中午时分28. in the morning / afternoon/
3、evening 在早上/中午 /下午29. on a farm 在农场30. in a factory 在工厂II. 重要句型1. Let sb. do sth.让某人做某事2. Could sb. do sth.?某人能做某事吗?3. would like sth. 想要做某事4. would like to do sth. 想要去做某事5. What about something to eat?想吃些什么东西?6. How do you spell ? .怎么拼?7. May I borrow?我可以借用 .?吗III. 交际用语1. Thanks very much! -非常谢谢 Yo
4、ure welcome. -不用客气2. Put it/them away. 把它 /它们收好3. Whats wrong? 怎么了?4. I think so. 我认为是这样I dont think so. 我不这样认为5. I want to take some books to the classroom. 我想带些书去教室6. Give me a bottle of orange juice, please. 请给我一杯橘子汁Please give it / them back tomorrow. OK. 请你明天把它/它们送回来,好吗?9. Whats your favourite
5、sport? 你最喜欢的运动是什么?10. Dont worry 别担心 . 11.I m (not) good at basketball.我(不)擅长打篮球12. Do you want a go?你想试一试吗?13. Thats right./ That s all right./ All right.对了,很好,好的14. Do you have a dictionary / any dictionaries? 你有字典吗?Yes, I do. / No, I don t.是的,我有 /不,我没有15. We / They have some CDs. We / They don t
6、have any CDs.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载16. -What day is it today / tomorrow? 今天 /明天星期几?-It s Monday. 星期一17. -May I borrow your colour pens, please? 我可以借你的彩笔用一用吗?-Certainly. Here you are. 当然可以,给你18. -Where are you from? 你来自哪里?-From Beijing. 北京19. Whats your tele
7、phone number in New York? 你在纽约的电话号码是什么?20. -Do you like hot dogs? 你喜欢吃热狗吗?-Yes, I do. ( A little. / A lot. / Very much.)我喜欢 /一般般 /很喜欢 /非常喜欢-No, I dont. ( I dont like them at all.)不喜欢(我一点都不喜欢)21. -What does your mother like? 你妈妈喜欢什么?-She likes dumplings and vegetables very much. 她非常喜欢吃饺子和蔬菜22. -When
8、do you go to school every day? 你每天什么时候去学校?-I go to school at 7:00 every day. 我每天 7 点钟去学校23. -What time does he go to bed in the evening? 他晚上几点钟上床睡觉?-He goes to bed at 10:00. 他晚上十点钟上床IV. 重要语法1.人称代词的用法;2. 祈使句;3. 一般现在时构成和用法;4动词 have 的用法;5现在进行时的构成和用法6可数名词和不可数名词的构成和用法语法概要一词类英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、
9、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词 (n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词 (pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词 (adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词 (num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词 (v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副
10、词 (adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词 (art.):用在名词前 ,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词 (prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词 (conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词 (interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分英语句子成分分为七种
11、:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语 是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如: Im Miss Green. (我是格林小姐) 2、谓语 动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做 (什么 )” 。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语 在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语 表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么” 。通常由名词或代词
12、担任。如:He can spell the word. (他能拼这个词 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物 ,一个指人。 指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信 ) 有时可把介词to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如: He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语 修饰名词或代词,通常由形容
13、词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力 ) 7、宾语补足语 用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons. ( 他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语
14、) 同位语 通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)3、构词法英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground 等等。2、派生法:(1)派生名词:动词+er/or 动词 +ing 动词 +(t)ion 形容词 +ness 其他 ,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容词:名词
15、+y 名词 +ful 动词 +ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 国名 +(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的 ),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词: 形容词 +ly 其它 ,如:slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、转换法:(1)形容词动词,如: dry(干燥的 ) dry(弄干 ), c
16、lean(干净的 )clean(打扫 ,弄干净 ),等等。(2)动词名词 ,如: look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk 等等。(3)名词动词 ,如: hand(手)(传递 ),face(脸)(面对 )等等。(4)形容词副词,如: earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副词连词 ,如: when(什么时候 )(当 时候 ),等等。(6)介词副词 ,如: in(到 里)(在里面;在家),on(在 上)(进行 ,继续 ),等等。二、代词:1、. 代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we,
17、 you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物 主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which,
18、what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 2、人称代词:人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页学习必备欢
19、迎下载第 一 人称单数第 二 人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性主格I (我) you (你) he (他) she (她) it (它) we (我们 ) you (你们 ) they (他们 ,她们 ,它们 ) 宾格me (我) you (你) him (他) her (她) it (她) us (我们 ) you (你们 ) them (他们 ,她们 ,它们 ) 1、主格 用来作句子的 主语、表语 。如:I often go shopping on Sundays. (星期天我常去购物 ) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?
20、) / Where have they gone? (他们上哪儿去了? ) / That s it.(就那么回事 ) / Its he!(是他! ) 2、宾格 用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语 。如: Who teaches you English this year? (今年谁教你们的英语?) / Help me! (救救我! ) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信 ) 3、人称代词 作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than 或 as之后时 ,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式 ,口语中大多用宾格。如:-Who is it?(是谁? ) It s I/m
21、e.(是我。 ) 4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“ youheI”的顺序表达。如:Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) Who will go there?(谁要去那儿? ) You and me .(你和我 ) 5、 人称代词 it 除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义 ,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:-What s the weather like today? (今天天气怎样?)
22、Its fine.(天气晴好 ) / -What s the time?(几点啦? ) It s 12:00.(12 点) / It s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house. (打扫屋子花了他三天的时间 ) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space. (很显然 ,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to lea
23、rn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的) 3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。第 一 人称单数第 二 人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第 三 人 称 复 数阳性阴性中性形 容词性my (我的 ) your (你的 ) his (他的 ) her (她的 ) its (它的 ) our (我们的) your (你们的) their (他们的 ,她们的,它们的 ) 名 词性mine (我的 ) Yours (你的 ) his (他的 ) hers (她的 ) its (她的 ) ours (我们的) you
24、rs (你们的) theirs(他们的 ,她们的,它们的 ) 1、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面要跟名词。如:Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays. (我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books .(是他们的书 ) 2、名词性物主代词相当于名词 ,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面 千万不可以 跟名词。如:This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?) /
25、 Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小 ) 3、 “of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。) 试比较 My friend came to see me yesterday .(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。) 4、反身代词:表示谓语的动作与主语有关或者宾语补足语的动作与宾语有关。精选学习资料 - - -
26、 - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载第 一 人称单数第 二 人称单数第三人称单数第 一 人 称复数第 二 人 称复数第三人称复数阳性阴性中性myself( 我 自己)yourself (你自己 ) himself (他自己 ) herself (她自己 ) itself (它自己 ) ourselves (我们自己 ) yourselves (你们自己 ) themselves (他们 /她们/它们自己 ) 1、反身代词 在句子中作宾语表示反射(指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身)。如:Don t play with the k
27、nife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子 ,那会割伤你的 ) 2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:The story itself is good. Only he didn t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好) 5. 指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。单数复数含义this(这个 ) these(这些 ) 指较近的人和物that(那个 ) those(那些 ) 指较远的人和物such (这样的人 /物 )指上文提过的人和物same (同样的人 /物)指和上文提过的相同的人
28、和物it (这人 /这物 ) 指不太清楚是谁或者是什么时指示代词既可以单独使用做句子的主语、宾语或表语,也可以作定语修饰名词。如:Whats this?(这是什么? ) / That model plane is made of plastic. (那只模型飞机是塑料做的 )(被动句 ) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ -Who is it? (是谁? ) -It s me!(是我! ) 6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关
29、系代词 ,参见后面的定语从句。1、关系代词who 、which、that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。如: The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One. (正在画画的学生是一年级的) 2、关系代词who / whom指人 ,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat ? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗?) 3、关系代词which 指物 ,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:H
30、ave you found the book which you lost several days ago? (你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗?) 4、 关系代词that 既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。 如:Can you see the man/dogthat is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗? ) 7、不定代词:代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代词。单数含义some any no none / / each (every) one either, neither so the other, anoth
31、er 复合不定代词不可数含义much little, a little all / / / / /复数含义many few, a few ones both others, the others 注: 复合不定代词有 12 个: something(某事 ), someone (某人 ), somebody (某人 ), anything(任何事 ), anyone(任何人 ), anybody(任何人 ), nothing(没事 ),nobody(没有人 ), no one(没有人 ), everything(一切 ), everyone (每个人 ), everybody (每个人 ).不
32、定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者
33、表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个, any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better t
34、oday? 2. each和 every: each 强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every 强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no:no 等于 not any,作定语。 none 作
35、主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 “另外的,别的”常与其他词连用, 如: the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者
36、中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another
37、 pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither 和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用 neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both
38、 of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 三 祈使句和感叹句;简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语 (或并列主语 )和 一个谓语 (或并列谓语 )构成。简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句 四种。1)祈使句: 祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you 往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式: 动词 (原形 ) + 其他如:Please give me a hand. (请帮忙 ) / Shut up! (住嘴!) 祈使句的否定式: Don t +动词原形+ 其他如: Please don t talk in low voic
39、es. (请不要低声讲话。 ) / Don t look back! (不要掉头看。) 注意 以“ let s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“ not”应放在“ let s”后面。如: Let s not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。) 肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:Please do help me ! (请千万 帮帮我。) 2)感叹句: 感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“! ”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是:What +
40、(a /an) + ( 形容词 ) +名词 + 陈述句结构 (主谓语 ) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如:What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) / What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕! )仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词 /副词+ 陈述句结构 (主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) / How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃!) / How beautiful!
41、 (真美呀! ) 有时 ,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句 ,此时未必使用感叹句型。He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) / A nice shot! (漂亮一击! ) / Good goal! (好球! ) 四 一般现在时构成和用法;表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in
42、 the (morning 等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year. (他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意) 表示客观真理、 事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound .(光传播比声音快) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来 ,句子中可以有
43、将来时间。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(开往海口的列车上午8 点开车 ) 在时间状语从句中(以 when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导 )和条件状语从句中 (以 if,unless 引导 ),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如: Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话 ) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay
44、 at home. (如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家) 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以 come, go为主。如:Here comes the bus. (车来了 ) / There goes the bell. (铃响了 )。一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有: like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think (认为 ),un
45、derstand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see . 如: I think it is going to snow. (我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here. (我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿) 五 动词 have的用法详解;一、 have作实意动词。1.表示 “ 有” 的意思。Look, I have wings, just like you. He had fair hair and blue eyes.注 1 :其否定和疑问形式变化,在美国通常用助动词do。注 2
46、 :在英国口语中常用have got 代替 have. Look, can t you see Ive got teeth, too, I havent got any jewelry. 2.have 和一些其他名词连用,表示:(1)一种活动。We have no classes on Sunday.(上课)they re going to have a volleyball match.(举行比赛)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 16 页学习必备欢迎下载Are we going to have a meeting th
47、is week?(开会)We are going to have a talk this afternoon.(听报告)(2)患病。I have got a headache.I have a bad cold. (3)发生的情况。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.(跌跤)(4)生育。The queen ant may have tens of thousands of babies in one summer. 3.have 与动词同形的名词连用,表示一个动作(have a由动词转化和名词) 。Are you goin
48、g to have a swim. I have a long talk with the teacher.4.have on sth.或 have sth. on,表示 “ 穿着 ”、 “ 戴着 ”(=to be wearing)。I noticed he had on bedroom slippers. At the ball Motile had a diamond necklace on. 5.表示 “ 吃”、 “ 喝” I wanted to have a cup of tea and some eggs. Does she have lunch at home? 6.组成复合结构即
49、“ have 宾语宾语补足语”。(1)不加 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语(have sb. do sth.),表示让、叫某人做某事。The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 注:否定结构表示“ 不能让 ” 或“ 从未有人 ” . We wont have you blame it on others. She had never had anybody speak to her that way before. (2)现在分词作宾语补足语(have sb.(sth.)doing) ,表示让(使)某人做某事。 the two
50、men had their lights burning all night long . (3)过去分词作宾语补足语(have sb. (sth.)done),表示:使(让,请)别人作某事,表示的动作是别人做的。Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls joined up. he should have new clothes made of this splendid cloth for the coming great procession. 遭遇到某事。Houses near airports sometimes have their window