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1、-英语构词法中的派生法-第 20 页派生法(derivation): 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或相反的词。 前缀(prefix): 一般改变意义,不改变词性。 表示否定的: dis-, like-dislike, appear-disappear, agree-disagree,cover-discover, il-, legal-illegal, literate-illiterate;im-, possible-impossible, polite-impolite,mortal-immortal;in-, correct-incorrect, di
2、rect-indirect, complete-incomplete;ir-, regular-irregular, relative-irrelative, revocable-irrevocable, capable of being revoked; able to be cancelled, revoke: (transitive) to take back or withdraw; cancel; rescind to revoke a law2. (intransitive) cards to break a rule of play by failing to follow su
3、it when able to do so; renege,renege. (intransitive; often foll by on) to go back (on ones promise, etc) mis-,“错误,坏” take-mistake, understand-misunderstand, fortune-misfortune, lead-mislead, mischievous;mal-, “坏,恶的”function-malfunction, maladroit笨拙的(mal+adroit灵巧的) adjective 1. skilful or dexterous 2
4、. quick in thought or reaction, malevolent恶意的(male+vol意志+ent坏意志) 1. wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; malicious 2. astrology having an evil influence;non-,“不,非” fiction-non-fiction, non-cooperation, non-negotiable, non-stop直达的,non-profit, non-commercial;un-, “不,非”happy-unhappy, fair-unfai
5、r, like-unlike(不像),certain-uncertain,known-unknown,usual-unusual,important-unimportant, accessable-unaccessable, accountable-unaccountable, fold-unfold,前缀a-, 加在单词或词根前面,表示”不,无,非”, acentric 无中心的(a+centric中心的)asocial 不好社交的(a+social好社交的) ;amoral 非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoralapolitical.不关政治的(a+political政治的
6、) anemia 反常的(a+nomal正常的+ous) 加在单词前,表示”在,的” , asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉),aside 在边上(a+side旁边),ahead 在前地(a+head头),alive 活的(a+live活)awash .泛滥的(a+wash冲洗),alike(相似的,一样的); 前缀中的: anti-, “反对,抵抗, against,opposed to,opposite of,instead”,anti-war, antitrust, antibiotic, antioxidant,antibody, antigen, anti-semitic等;a
7、uto-, “自动的,self, personally, 表示自己”, automate, automation 自动化, autograph 亲笔,autoalarm 自动报警器,autocriticism 自我批评,autorotation 自动旋转,autobiography 自传,autonomous tnmsa. 自治的;automatic, automatically, autonomy, automobile,automated, autopsy, autograph亲笔签名,手稿, automotive, ,autocrat 独裁者,autocracy,automata, au
8、tomaton, autoclave, automaker, autoindex自动索引; co-, “共同”,coworker, collegiate, colleague, cooperate;en-, “使”,enlarge, encourage, enhance, enable, enact, enroll, encompass,inter-,“相互,between在-之间”, international, internet, interview, intercontinental洲际的,interchange, interfere, interrupt, interpose, min
9、i-, “小”, minibus, ,miniskirt, miniature, minify, minimum, minimal最低限度的,pre-,“在-之前”,pre-school, pre-reading, preview, precede v. to go or be before (someone or something) in time, place, rank, etc, precedent. a. If there is a precedent for an action or event, it has happened before, and this can be r
10、egarded as an argument for doing it again.president, precedent. unprecedented. re-, “再,又,重复”, repeat, rewrite, retell, return, review, rebound, reflect, reclaimsub-,“在下面”, subway, subordinate, submarine, suburban(urban城区),subconscious, subscribe,super-“超,在-之上”,supermarket, superman, superstar, super
11、sonic, superficial, supervise, supernatural, tele-,“远”, telephone, telescope, television, telecommunication, telegram,后缀(suffix): 通常使词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。常见的后缀有:1.构成动词的后缀:-en: 1接在某些形容词后面构成动词,有“做”、“使”、“成为”、“使变成”等含义。例如:shorten(使缩短)darken(使黑,变黑)deepen(加深,使深)broaden(加宽)sharpen(削尖)sweeten(使变甜)richen(使富)thicken
12、(使变厚)quicken(加快)soften(使软化)blacken(使变黑)harden(变硬、硬化)weaken(变弱)fasten(使固定)widen(变宽)。也有从形容词比较级形式加-en构成动词的。如lessen(减少),worsen(恶化,变得更坏)等等。2接在某些名词后构成动词,有“使”、“使变成”等含义。例如:frighten(恐吓)hasten(加快)heighten(提高)lengthen(延长)strengthen(加强)等。3接在某些名词后构成形容词,有“由制成的”、“含有质的”“似的”等含义。例如:wooden(木质的)wheaten(小麦制的)leaden(铅制的)
13、earthen(泥质的,泥制的)woolen(羊毛制的)waxen(蜡制的,似蜡的)ashen(灰的,似灰的)golden(金质的,似金的)silken(丝的,如丝的)oaken(橡木制的)等等。某些-en构成的形容词往往有比喻作用。如:brazenfaced(厚脸皮的),the Golden Age(黄金时代),wooden head(呆子),leaden silence(使人窒息的沉默),waxen complexion(蜡黄的面色)等。4接在少数名词后面构成“小”称名词。例如:maiden(少女),chicken(小鸡),kitten(小猫)等。除此之外,后缀还可以:1构成表示人的名词:
14、warden(看守人,保管员),vixen(刁妇,泼妇),citizen(公民,市民)等;2构成不规则动词的过去分词:beaten,written,ridden,spoken,forgot-ten等;3构成复数名词:oxen,children等。deepen, strengthen, widen, sharpen, weaken, loosen, shorten, tighten, fasten-ize(-ise),注意这类动词一般都是抽象的modernize,popularize,recognize,emphasize,criticise,comprise,dehumanise,comput
15、erise,industrialise, utilise, westernize, compromise, realize,还有一个后缀ish:establish,finish,demolish,cherish,abolish,diminish,distinguish,punish-ise (1)表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,“化” memorise v 记住(memor记忆) criticise v 批评(ctitic批评家)advertise v 做广告(advert注意到,ad+vert转+ise)authorise v 授权(anthor权力;参考authority权威
16、)fertilise v 施肥,授精(fert肥沃fertile 肥沃的)revitalise v 使复活(re再+vital活的)注:由-ize构成的一些动词 publicize v 宣传(public公开的)exorcize v 驱除(坏事)(ex出+orc巫术,邪魔+ize)aggrandize v 扩张(ag+grand大+ize)jeopardize v 危害(jeopard危害+ize)materialize v 赋予形体(material物质+ize)neutralize v 使中和(neutral中间的,中和的+ize)sterilize v 杀菌;使不育(steril无菌的+
17、ize)homogenize v 使一致(homo相同+gen产生+ize),使均匀,使均质lionize v 崇拜(lion狮子+ize把人当狮子看崇拜)temporize v 拖延时间(tempor时间+ize)industrialize v 工业化(industrial工业的+ize)popularize v 推广,普及(popular流行的+ize)organize, emphasize, apologize, modernize, stabilize, authorize, recognize, urbanize, legalize, realize,-fy(-ify,-efy)含义
18、、词源和例词 拉丁动词后缀-fy既可以充当派生词缀与形容词和名词相结合,也可以加缀在词根后面。由-fy构成的动词多是及物的。这时-fy 的意思为to make (使成为;使.化)。在少数由-fy构成的不及物动词中,-fy的意思为to become (成为.),由于读音的关系,-fy与以辅音结尾的词基之间,往往需要添加字母i或e,由e结尾的词则往往变e为i,所以也可以把-ify或-efy看成-fy的异体。顺便指出,以-fy结尾的动词的相对应的名词派生词一般以-fication或-faction结尾。 下面我们先举些名词和形容词的与-fy结合的例子。 1.beautify vt.美化;装饰 ex)
19、 Flowers beautify a room. 花能美化房间。 2.classify class n.等级,种类;-ify “使化成等级或种类” vt. 把.分等级;把.分类 ex)Employees in the post office classify mail according to the place where it is to go.邮局的职员根据邮件的目的地进行分拣工作。 3.uglify lgly ugli 丑陋的;-fy vt. 丑化;使难看 ex)A scar uglifies his face. 一块伤疤使他的脸变丑了。4.solidify solid adj.坚固
20、的,固体的;-ify vt. 使固化;使变硬 vi.固化;变硬 ex)Jelly solidifies as it gets cold. 果子冻遇冷就变硬了。5.rarefy rare adj.稀薄的;-fy “使稀薄” vt.使稀薄,使稀少 ex)The air on high mountains is rarefied. 高山上空气变稀薄了。下面,我们介绍词根与-fy 结合成的3个动词。1.fortify fort = strong 强的;-ify “使变强” v. 增强(阵地);设防ex)The soldiers fortified their position by building
21、earthworks .战士们构筑土木工事加强自己的阵地。 2.identify ident = same 同一的;-ify v.使等同于;同等对待;鉴定,认出ex)He indentified the wallet as his by telling what it contained. 他说出钱包里装的东西,证明它是自己的。 3.pertrify petr = stone 石;-ify “使变成石头” v. 使石化;使(因惊慌等)发呆 ex)The girl was petrified as the snake came near. 当蛇爬近身边时,那女孩子吓呆了。4.stupefy st
22、up = amazed 受惊的;-efy “使受惊” v. 使惊得发呆;使麻木;使失去感觉 ex)He was stupefied by the drug. 他被那药物麻醉了。purify(pure) v. (使)净化;(使)精炼;涤罪 n. purification. 2.构成名词的后缀: -an: American, Italian-er, -or : 在表示“做.事情的人”或“从事.工作的人”的时候,经常会加上-er,或-or后缀。有一个简单的原则:原形以-ate,-ct,-it结尾的单词应该加-or,其余的应该加-er。比如 creator, director, editor, act
23、or, visitor, sailor, worker, driver, teacher, player, painter, writer;-ess表名词,“女性,雌性” poetess n 女诗人(poet诗人);mayoress n 市长夫人(mayor市长) goddess n 女神(god神);lioness n 母狮(lion狮子) leopardess n 母豹(leopard豹子)actress, waitress;-ian: (1)表名词,“某种人”, 如 historian n 历史学家(history历史+ian), musicmusician, civilian n 平民
24、(civil公民的+ian) comedian n 喜剧演员(comedy喜剧+ian)lilliputian n 矮子(lilliput格列佛游记中的矮人国+ian)pedestrian n 行人(ped脚+estr+ian)custodian n 管理员(custody监督+ian) simian n 类人猿(simi猴子+ian)valetudinarian n 体弱的人(vale强壮+tudi状态+narian过分为健康状况担忧的人)(2)表形容词,“国家的”,Egyprian a 埃及的,Arabian a 阿拉伯的,Canadian a 加拿大的,Athenian雅典的-ist:
25、.-ist表名词,“表示信仰者,专家或从事某活动的人”,feminist n 女权主义者(femine女性的),nationalist n 民族主义者(national民族的)materialist n 唯物主义者(material物质),moralist n 道德家(moral道德的)philatelist n 集邮家(philately集邮),agronomist n 农学家(agro农业+nom+学科+ist)numismatist n 钱币学家(numismat钱币+ist),dentist n 医科医生(dent牙齿+ist)antagonist n 敌手,对手(ant相反+agon
26、斗争+ist),arsonist n 纵火犯(arson纵火)artist, scientist; 注以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用。如:communist n/a 共产主义者(的)(commune共同,公社)capitalist n/a 资本家(capital资本)socialist n/a 社会主义者(的)(social社会的)materialist n/a 唯物主义 者(的)(material物质)-ance表名词,“性质,状况”, disturbance n 扰乱(disturb干扰)vengeance n 复仇(venge 仇恨,报仇),reliance n 信赖(rel
27、y依靠)resemblance n 相像(rely相像),perseverance n 坚持不懈(persevere坚持),forbearance n 自制,忍耐(forbear忍受),vigilance n 警惕(vigil醒着的+ance),appearance n 出现;外表(appear出现), performance(表演)-ence: 来源于拉丁语及法语的名词后缀-ence(-ency)的用法与-ance(-ancy)基本相同。它们加在动词或动词词根后,意为the act or fact of ing或者the quality or condition of ing,即表示行为或该
28、行为的性质状态等。这些名词往往有与之对应的以-ent结尾的形容词。-ence,-ency与形容词后缀-ent相对应(如difference-different; rgency-urgent),表示性质、状态、行为,后缀-ence和-ency义同,有些英语单词具有-ence和-ency两种形式(如innocence = innocency ; persistency = persistence)。例词例句:petence n.being competent;ability 胜任,能力 *com(=together),pet(=seek)例句:Are you questioning my comp
29、etence?你是在质疑我的能力吗?placency n.self-satisfaction 自我满足 *com(=completely),place(=peace)例句:In professional sports,there is no place for complacency.在职业运动中,不可以有丝毫的自满。3.conference n.(meeting for) discussion;exchange of views 协商,讨论(会);会议 *concom(=together),fer(=carry)例句:The tripartite conference will be hel
30、d in Honolulu.三方会议将在火奴鲁鲁召开。4.obedience n.the condition of doing what one is told to do 服从,顺从 *ob(=intensive),ed available(有效的,可利用的)comfort(安慰) - comfortable(舒服的,舒适的) , uncomfortable(不舒服的) reason(理由,理性) -reasonable(合理的)remark(评论) -remarkable(卓越的,非凡的) 不一般的人肯定会被别人经常评论啊.consider(考虑) -considerable(值得考虑的,
31、重要的)accept(接受) -acceptable(可接受的)suit(适合) -suitable(适当的)favor(赞成,喜欢) -favorable(赞许的,讨人喜欢的,有利的)sustain(维持,支撑) -sustainable(可以忍受的,足可支撑的)y变i再加able vary(变化) - variable(易变的) rely(依靠) -reliable(可靠的)去掉e,再加able value(价值) -valuable(有价值的) compare(比较) -comparable(可比较的)evite(回避) -evitable(可回避的) , inevitable(不可避免
32、的) presume(假定) -presumable(有可能的)其他以able结尾的词: disable使失去能力,使残废unable 不会的,不能的enable 使能够table 桌子vegetable 蔬菜cable 电缆stable 稳定的vulnerable 易受攻击的,有弱点的capable 能干的,有才华的. capacity(能力)probable(很可能的,可信的)-ible : 词后加ible跟加able的作用完全一样.只不过这样的词大多数是来自拉丁语.possibility(可能性) -possible(可能的) responsibility(责任,义务) -responsible(负责的)possibility(可能性) -possible(可能的) , impossible(不可能的) visibility(能见度,可见性) -visib