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1、精品_精品资料_【英语】高考英语被动语态、强调句型要点总结高中英语被动语态讲解一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由 be过去分词构成, be 随时态的变化而变化.以do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:1) am/is/are +done 过去分词 一般现在时 例:Visitorsare requestednot to touch the exhibits.2 ) has/have been done现在完成时例: All the preparations for the task have beencompleted, and wer
2、e ready to start.3) am/is /are being done现在进行时 例: A new cinema is being built here 4) was/were done一般过去时例: I was given ten minutes to decide whether Ishouldreject the offer.5) had been done过去完成时例: By the end of lastyear,anothernew gymnasium hadbeen completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done过去进行时例:
3、A meeting was being held when I was there.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_7) shall/willbe done/ be going to be done/be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时例: Hundreds of jobs will be lost if thefactorycloses.8) should/wouldbe done; was/ were going to be done; was/ wereabout to be done; was/ were to be to
4、 done一般将来时例: The news would be senttothe soldiersmother assoon as it arrived.9) shall/will have been done将来完成时(少用) 例:The projectwillhave been completedbeforeJuly. 10) should/would have been done过去将来完成时(少用)例: He told me that his new clothes would have beenmade very soon.2. 被动语态的特别结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构.其形
5、式为:情态动词be过去分词.例: The baby should be taken good care of by thebaby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可 以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍旧保留可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_在谓语后面.通常变为主语的是间接宾语.例: His mothergave him a presentforhis可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_birthday.his mother for his birthday.可改为 He was givena present by可编辑资料 -
6、 - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3) 当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动.例: Someonecaught the boy smoking a可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_cigarette.cigarette.可改为 The boy wascaught smoking a可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4)在使役动词 have, make, get以及感官动词see,watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to 要省略,但为为被动结
7、构时,要加to .例: Someonesaw a strangerwalk intothe building.可改为 A strangerwas seen to walkinto the building.5有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体, 不能分开. 其中的介词或副词也不能省略.例: The meeting is to be put off till Friday.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式 to do也有被动语态 一般时态和完成时态 .例: I
8、dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“信任”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say, suppose,think 等可以用于句型“ It be过去分词 that从句”或“主语 be过去分词 to do sth.”.有:It is said that 据说,It isreported that据报道,It isbelievedthat 大家信任, Itis hopedthat 大家期望, It is well known that众所周知,
9、 It is thought that 大家认为, It is suggested that据建议.例: It is said that the boy has passed thenationalexam.( The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有许多动词如break ,catch ,clean ,drive, lock , open, sell, read , write, wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特点时,常用其主动形式表达被动意 义, 主语通常是物.例: T
10、his kind of cloth washes well.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_留意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特点,而被动语态就强调外界作用造成的影响.试比较: The door wont lock (指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked (指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的缘由)2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last,take place, break out, come out, comeabout, come true, run out, give out, turnout等以主动形式表示被动
11、意义.例: How do the newspapers come out.这些报纸是如何引出来的了?3. 系动词没有被动形式 ,但有些表示感受、 感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste,book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义.例: Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 .1. 在 need, want , require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料
12、_例: The house needs repairing( to berepaired)这房子需要修理.2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式.而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式.例:The picture-bookis wellworthreading(The picture-book is very worthy to be read)3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.例: I have a lot ofthings to do thisaft
13、ernoon to do与 things是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系. 试比较: I ll go to the postoffice. Do you have aletter to be posted. 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者. 4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语 的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的规律宾语 时,这常常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有 nice , easy , fit, hard , difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等
14、.例: This problem is difficult to work out .(可可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_看作 to work out省略了 for me ) .5. 在 too to 结构中,不定式前面可加规律主语, 所以应用主动形式表示被动意义.例: This book is too expensive for me to buy.6. 在 there be 句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物.例: There is no time to lose( to be lost)(用to lose 可看
15、成 forus tolose.用 to be lost ,谁 losttime不明确.)7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动 , 被动表被动.然而 , 由于古英语的影响 , 以下动词rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.例: Who is to blame for starting the fire.五、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词.1. “under + 名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”.常见的有:
16、 under control(受掌握) , undertreatment(在治疗中) , under repair(在修理中) , under discussion(在争论中) ,under construction(在施工中).可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_例: The building is under construction is beingconstructed.2. “ beyond+名词”结构,“出乎赛过、范围、限度”.常见的有:beyond belief 令人难以置信 , beyond ones reach (鞭长莫及), beyondone s contro
17、l(无法掌握), beyond ourhope 我们的胜利始料不及.例: The rumor is beyond belief(=cant bebelieved)3. “above+名词”结构 ,表示“ 品质、 行为、才能等 超过、 高于”.例:His honestcharacter is above all praise =His honest character cannot be praisedenough4 “ for+ 名词”结构,表示“适于、为 着”.如: for sale出售 , for rent(出租)等.例: That house is for sale. = That ho
18、use is to besold.5. “ in+ 名词”结构,表示“在过程中或范畴 内”常见的有: in print(在印刷中), in sight在视野范畴内 ,等.例: The book is not yet in print =is not yetprinted6. “ on+名词”结构 ,表示“在从事 中”.常见可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_的有: on sale 出售 ,on show(展出) , on trial(受审).例: Today some treasuresare on show inthe museum=are being showed.7. “ou
19、t of+ 名词”结构. 表示 “超出 之外“, 常见的有: out ofcontrol 掌握不了 , outof sight(超出视线之外), out of onesreach 够不着, out of fashion不流行 等.例: The plan e was out of controlcant becontrolled .8. “within+ 名词”结构, “在内、 不超过” .例: He took two days off within the teacherspermission六、被动语态与系表结构的区分当“ be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承担的动作.作系表结构时表示主语
20、的特点或所处的状态时,be 后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词.其区分方法如下:1. 假如强调动作或句中有介词by 引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否就为系表结构.例: The glass is broken (系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy (被动语态)2. 假如句中有的点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_例: The door is locked (系表结构)The door has already/just been locked(被动语态)3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,仍可以
21、用 于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be 只有一般时态和完成时态.例: The machine is being repaired 七、被动语态与高考试题赏析1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1.In some parts of the world, teawith milk and sugar. NMET1993A. is servingB. is servedC.ServesD. served解析: B由于 serve 是及物动词, 其动作承担者tea作主语, 表示常常发生的情形, 故用一般现在时的被动语态.2.ThisisTeds phone.Wemiss him a lot.He
22、trying to save a child in theearthquake.NMET2022A. killedB. is killedC. was killedD. was killing解析: CTed 是 kill的承担者,用被动语态,且Ted 救人发生在过去,所以用一般过去时的被动语态.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3.- Have you moved into the new house.- Not yet, the rooms. NMET1991A. arebeingpaintedB. are paintingC. are paintedD. are being
23、 painting解析: A“house”和“ paint ”应当是被动的关系,排除 B,D.后者未搬进新居的缘由是房子正在油漆,所以要用现在进行时的被动语态.不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动 作,排除 C.4.When and where to go for the on-salary holiday yet.(上海春 2022)A.are not decidedB. have not been decidedC. is not being decidedD. has notbeendecided解析: Ddecide是及物动词,动作的发出者通常是人,句中的主语是动作的承担者,所以decide要
24、用被动语态.从题干的语境和关键词yet ,可判定用现在完成时,不定式做主语用单数,故用现在完成时的被动语态.5.The manager entered the office and was happyto learn that four-fifths of thetickets.(上海春2022)可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A.was bookedB. hadbeen bookedC. were bookedD. have been booked解析: B 句中 tickets是 book 订票 的承担者,主谓为被动关系,又因票已被订出应发生在enteredthe offi
25、ce这个过去动作之前,所以要用过去完成时的被动语态.2. 高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的规律主语为动作的承担者时,须用被动式. 弄清非谓语动词与其规律主语之间的执行与承担关系是把握非谓语动词语态的关键.1.Havinga tripabroad iscertainlygood forthe old couple, but it remainswhether they will enjoyit. NMET2022A. to seeB. to beseenC. seeingD. seen解析: B 依据题意,那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作, 应使用不定式, 故排除掉 C、D 两项.又
26、因 remains 的规律主语 it是动词 see 说表示动作的承担者,即“到国外旅行”这件事,这件事有待于“被打算”,应使用动词不定式的被动形式.2.While shopping, people sometimes cant help intobuyingsomethingtheydon t reallyneed.(上海 1996)可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A.to persuadedB. persuadingC. being persuadedD. be persuaded解析: Ccanthelp doing“禁不住做某事”, 排除 A 和 D.顾客应是“被劝告”购
27、物的,要用动名词的被动语态.3 ). I feel it is your husband whoforthe spoiled child.(上海 2022)A.isto blameB.isgoingto blameC.is to be blamedD. should blame解析: Afeel的宾语从句为强调句型, 在 be to do结构中,在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态, 如 to blame , to let等.强调句型讲解 “强调”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情形下显得更加重 要.英语表达中,要强调句子的某一成分,一般可用强调句型“ It is was +that who
28、+句子的其余部分”.It在句中无意义,只起引出被强调部分的作用.被强调的部分指人时, 除可用 that外, 仍可换用 who(强调宾语指人时也可用 whom).使用强调句型时,应留意以下事项:一、去掉强调结构It is was thatwho后, 剩下的词仍能组成一个完整的句子.这是判定是不是强调句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_型的关键.试比较:1. It is strange that he didnt come yesterday.2. It is you and Tom that didnt come yesterday.明显, 句 1 去掉 Itis that后, 句
29、子结构不完整, 是主语从句. 句 2 去掉 Itis that后,句子变为 you and Tom didn t come yesterday.仍是一个表意完整的句子,这是一个强调句.再如:1. It is what you do rather than what you say matters.( 05 天津)A. thatB. whatC.whichD. this答案 A.这是一个强调主语的强调句型,去掉强调结构,剩下的是 What you do rather than what you say matters.表意完整.2. That was really as plan did eve
30、ning. Its years I enjoyed myself somuch.A. whenB.thatC.beforeD.since( 05安徽)答案 D.由强调句型的判定方法可知,该句不是强调句型.It指时间, 句意为: 好几年我没有这么兴奋了. since的意思是“自从那个时候起”.二、假如强调时间、的点、缘由或方式状语时,不行用 when,where, why或 how,而仍用 that .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_试比较: Itwas because of the accidentwhy he was late. 误,It wasbecause of thea
31、ccident that he was late. 正 .再如:1. Itwas not untilmidnighttheyreached the campsite.( 08 重庆)A. thatB.whenC.whileD. as答案 A.该题强干扰项是B,考生简单因强调时间状语 until midnight而误选.2. It was after he got what he had desiredherealized it was not soimportant.( 06 辽宁)A. thatB.whenC.sinceD. as答案 A.该句强调时间状语从句afterhe got what
32、 he had desired,题干意思是“得到他所梦寐以求的东西后他才意识到一切都不那么重要”.不要误选B.3. It was in New Zea landElizabethfirst met Mr. Smith.( 08 全国 II )A. thatB.howC.whichD.when答案 A.强调的点状语 inNew Zea land.三、留意强调句型的否定句和疑问句形式,在这方面很简单因弄不清句子结构而错选.如:1. I just wonderthat makes him so可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_excited.( 06 山东)A. why it does
33、B. what he doesC. howit isD. what it is答案 D.正常语序的强调句型简单看出,但要留意它的变体.假如把该题变换一下语序:itiswhat thatmakes him so excited,不难看出这是强调句型的特别疑问句形式, 强调了疑问代词 what ,由于 wonder 后宾语从句,故用了陈述语序.2. Itwas notuntilshe gothomeJenniferrealized she had lost her keys.A. whenB.thatC.whereD.before( 06 全国卷二) 答案 B.假如去掉强调结构,该句是一个“ no
34、t until”句型: Jenniferdidn trealizeshehad lostherkeys until she got home.要强调时间状语 until shegot home,这时要把主句中的否定词not 放在 was 之后.四、强调主语时, that或 who 后面的谓语动词的形式仍旧取决于原句中的主语.be 的变化只有 is和 was 两种形式,假如要表示现在时将来时的其它各种形式时,就用It is ,表达过去时的各种形式时,用It was . 一般要与谓语动词的时态一样.如:1. It is I who/ that am an English teacher.可编辑资料
35、 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. It is the boy who/ that speaks English best in theclass.3. It was on Sunday that he gave George this ticket.4. Itisthe littlegirlwho/ thathas broken the glass.五、在复习中有可能把It is/ wasthat句式都误认为是强调句型的几种情形:1、把具有实际意义的指示代词it后面接 is/was that误认为是强调句式.- Where did you get to know her.( 07 山
36、东)- It was on the farmwe worked.A. thatB thereC whichD where答案 D.该句易误作强调句型,所以A 是强干扰项.这里 where we worked是定语从句,修饰the farm.It指“与她相识”这件事. 该题很简单受思维定势的影响而拒绝选 D,由于平日教学老师一再强调,用强调句型时即使强调的点状语,也不能用 where 而用 that .该句假如要用 itwas that强调句型的话,可改写为“ It was on the farm where we workedthat I got to know her.”2、把 it指时间、
37、天气、距离、环境等后接be 的情形误以为是强调句型.Itwas twentymilesfrom our cityto thevillage theaccident happened.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_A. thatB.whenC. thenD.where答案 D.此题貌似 Itwas that强调句型, 其实不然.句中 It表示距离, where 引导的点状语从句.3、把 Itis/wasthat结构的主语从句误认为是强调句型.The Foreign Minister said,“our hope that the two sideswill work towar
38、ds peace.”( 04 北京)A. ThisisB.There isC.That isD.Itis答案 D.假如选 A 和 C,指示代词 This 和 That 在句中找不出指代的内容, 选 B 意义不通. 应选 D.虽然选 Itis 后题干中显现了 It is that结构,但这不是强调句型. 很明显,题干中的that从句应是主语从句,所缺的是形式 主语.4、isour beliefthatimprovementsin healthcare will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economyA. AsB. ThatC. ThisD.It(
39、06 浙江) 答案 D.假如去掉 Itis that,中间的 our belief就无法处理,因此该句不是强调句型,而是一个复合句,It是形式主语, that引导真正主语.强调句型 It is/ was that/ who主要用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语或表语.假如要强调谓语动词, 应当用代动词 do 及其变形 does 或 did ,这三种形式常用在谓语动词之前,以加强语气.它一般只能强调现在时与过去时.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如:I do wish I could.我真期望我能.He does look well.他的确看起来气色很好.You did give me a fright.你真把我给吓了一跳.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载