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1、-非谓语动词种类及句法功能-第 5 页非谓语动词：动词不定式（一） 概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。（二） 非谓语动词的句法功能：动词不定式：（to）+do1 不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如： Im glad to me
2、et you. He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I regretted to have told a lie. I happe
3、ned to have seen the film.不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语： To lose your heart means failure. It means failure to lose your heart. （2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. （3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, p
4、refer 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如 ：but, except等后才行，此时不定式可带to 或不带to. We have no choice but to wait outside. They could do nothing but ask for help.一些动词要用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语，常见的动词有decide, know, learn, w
5、onder, understand, find out, remember, see等如：My mother wondered where to go at that time .He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, in
6、vite. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema不定式在七个感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略。但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳:*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make, let , ha
7、ve 或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 等，不定式不带to.*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, cant help but 等*3. Why. 或 why not 表建议*4. 在介词 but , except 之后，如果其前有实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to .*5 不定式作表语时，如果解释do的具体内容时to可以省去。What he want to do is help
8、others.*6 动词help或help+宾语之后，可用带to的不定式，也可用不带to的不定式 （5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about.如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：如： He has no place to live. 如果不定
9、式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?(你送) Have you got anything to be sent?（我送） 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here.v 不定式在以下形容词后:easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, cheap, expensive, good, nice, safe, dangerous, impor
10、tant, interesting, pleasant, (im)possible, fun等。v This question is difficult _ (answer).v Do you think him easy_ (work) with?v 这时用主动形式表被动意思。（6）作状语：表目的： He worked day and night to get the money.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried e
11、very means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.还有【(not)to / (not)in order to / so as (not)to】等形式 表结果： He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调： I visited him only to find him out.还有(so/suchas to., enough to, tooto, on
12、ly to)等形式1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是： anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing 例如： She was too surprised to see how angry her father was. 2）在not, never, only, all, but等后的”tooto”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。 例如：Im only too glad to stay at home. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news.常见的形容词有
13、: sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等。（7）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.类似的还有： to be exact, to be brief, to be frank with you, to be honest, to do him justice, To begin with, to start with,（8）不定式的省略：
14、保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.类似的并列词还有：or, except, but ,than, rather than等动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。2 动名词的形式： 否定式：not + 动名词（1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（2）被动式： He came to the party without being in
15、vited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowi
16、ng English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。3 动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。类似的句型有：its no good/not any good/not any use/useless/a waste of time doing sth（2）作表语： In the ant city, th
17、e queens job is laying eggs.(3)作定语： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。（4）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语
18、：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom,
19、 have a good/hard time in , have trouble/difficulty in, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, devote to, stick to, insist on, prefer-to-, get down to等等。注意：有的动词既可以接to do 也可以接ing 作宾语，含义几乎没有区别：Continue to do/ continue doing
20、 prefer to do/ prefer doing begin to do/ begin doingHate to do / hate doing like to do/ like doing start to do /start doing love to do/doing但是有的动词既可以接to do 也可以接ing 作宾语，含义区别很大：Forget to do/ forget doing remember to do/remember doing regret to do/ regret doingMean to do/ mean doing try to do / try doing go on to do/ go on doingStop to do/ stop doing cant help to do/ cant help doing consider to do/ consider doingNeed to do/ need doing want to do / want doing be used to do/ be used to doing