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1、Part Six Economy,Learning objectives: After completing this part, students should obtain some more basic facts and detailed information about the British economy, especially regarding its major components. Also students are expected to be able to analyze the strong points and weak points of the Brit
2、ish economy.,1. Agriculture 2. Industry 3. Trade 4. Tourism 5. Finance 6. Transport 7. Communications,Focal points:,Warming-up: Among the three major components that constitute the UKs economy, which section performs the best and contributes most to national economy? agriculture? industry? services?
3、,6.1 Agriculture Brain-storming: Now that agriculture no longer plays a vital role in UKs economy, how would you describe the major characteristics of the UKs agriculture? Think of as many expressions as possible. Hints , uprising or declining labour-intensive or technology-based efficient or ineffi
4、cient productive? profitable? self-sufficient?,Distribution of farming in the UK,Arable farming is common in the south east where the summers are warm and the land is low, flat and fertile. Hill sheep farming takes place in the north and west of Britain in highland areas such as Snowdonia and the La
5、ke District. Dairy farming is common in the south west and the west of England where the climate is warm and wet. Mixed farming is found in areas where the climate and relief suit both crops and animals.,Facts and figures of British agriculture By European standards, the British agriculture is effic
6、ient, intensive and highly mechanised. It produces approximately 60% of national food with roughly 1.4% of total labour force. Around 2/3 of the agriculture production comes from livestock, 1/3 from arable crops. Farming is heavily subsidised by the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Britain recei
7、ves the 5th largest agricultural subsidy in the EU.,Around 81% of the UKs agricultural income originates from England.,Agricultural land use in England, 2010,Around 11% of the UKs agricultural income is generated from Scotland.,Agricultural land use in Scotland, 2010,Approximately 3% of the UKs agri
8、cultural income originates from Wales.,Agricultural land use in Wales, 2010,Around 5% of the UKs agricultural income comes from Northern Ireland.,Agricultural land use in Northern Ireland, 2010,6.1.1 Arable farming It refers to the production of crops,Facts and figures: Almost 5 million hectares of
9、agricultural land in the UK is used for growing crops Almost 80% of the crop land is devoted to cereals, such as wheat, barley and oil seeds Other arable crops, such as proteins and sugar beet use 13% of the crop land Horticulture (fruit, vegetables and ornamentals) make up 4% of the crop land while
10、 potatoes use 3% of the land.,The UK is the fourth largestproducer of cereals and oilseed crops in the EU, accounting for around 8% of total EU production. Wheat, barley and oilseed rape are the most important combinable crops grown in the UK. The UK is the fourth largest EU producer of sugar beet.
11、The UK has the second largest consumption of organic produce in the EU.,Questions to ponder: What is organic farming? In comparison to the traditional farming, what are the merits and demerits of organic farming? Hints ,Organic farming is farming without chemical fertilisers, animal cruelty, most pe
12、sticides, genetic modification, or the routine use of drugs, antibiotics or wormers. Comparatively speaking, it is much more environmentally-friendly with additional nutritional benefits. In the UK as in most of northern Europe, organic crop yields are 40%-50% lower than conventional ones.,6.1.2 Liv
13、estock farming It refers to the breeding of livestock for meat, wool, eggs and milk. Livestock products are the main element of the UKs agricultural output.,Question to ponder: What can be inferred from the old title “ a nation of sheep-farmers” which was once used to address Britain?,Cattle, pigs,
14、sheep and poultry are the most common meat animals in the UK. Here are some facts and figures regarding livestock in the UK: British wool comes overwhelmingly from sheep. Over 41,000 farms produce sheep. There are about 17,000 dairy farms in the UK, largely in the west. About 4,600 farms produce pig
15、s. Around 26,500 farms produce chickens.,A history to remember : The outbreaks of BSE in the 1990s,is a cattle brain disease that causes a similar disease in some humans who eat infected meat,Class discussion: Look at the three maps of mainland Britain on the next page, discuss with your fellow stud
16、ents about the influence of relief and climate on the pattern of British farming.,6.1.3 Fishing,The North Sea, the English Channel, the sea area around Ireland and that between England and Iceland are the main areas for fishing.,The leading fish catches are: cod, trout, haddock, salmon, shell fish w
17、hiting. and plaice.,( Source: UK Agriculture - farming statistics ),Class discussion: Below is a table demonstrating the number of total workers engaged in agriculture from 2000 to 2010. Study the numbers carefully with your fellow students, discuss and draw conclusions based on the changes of numbe
18、rs.,Conclusion,In this section, we have learned some very basic facts and detailed information about the British agriculture which includes three major parts: arable farming, livestock farming and fishing. From the lectures we know better about the economic significance of the British agriculture, a
19、bout its main characteristics, current development and major components.,Further reading and References (useful websites),http:/www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agriculture_in_the_UK http:/www.ons.gov.uk http:/www.bbc.co.uk/agriculture, Assignment,Bear in your mind what you have learned from the textbook
20、and the lectures by the teacher. Read extensively from different resources and learn more about the general features of the UKs agriculture and detailed facts of its three major components. Pre-read about the industry section of UK.,6.2 Industry Warming-up: In history the UK was once called “ worksh
21、op of the world”. What does this title imply?,6.2.1. Energy production,Facts and figures: Nearly 99% of the oil and gas production is located under the North Sea. The UK has the 30th largest proven oil reserves and the 39th largest proven natural gas reserves in the world. Oil and gas have replaced
22、coal as the chief source of energy in the world. Nearly 3/4 of the countrys current primary energy demand is met by oil and gas.,Oil & gas,However the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004, and a net importer of oil since 2005, it is predicted that by the year 2021, North Sea oil and
23、natural gas production will reduce to less than one million barrels per year.,Offshore oil/gas platform at the North Sea,UK Combined Oil & Gas Production vs. Consumption 1970-2020,Coal,Facts and figures: It has played an indispensible role in generating electricity in the UK ever since the 1950s. In
24、 the late 1990s, it contributed around 25% of total annual electricity generation in the UK. Due to a series of reasons, quite a number of nuclear plants in the UK have been shut down and decommissioned. Now it provides about 18% of the UKs electricity and 80% of its low-carbon electricity.,Nuclear
25、energy,Class discussion: Nuclear power, a bliss or a disaster to mankind? Hints ,Pros: Compared with fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, it produces little CO2 or other poisonous wates. Relatively speaking, its much cleaner and more environmentally-friendly. Cons: Nuclear radiation is overwhelmingly
26、 lethal to human beings and the nature. The Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011 should always be remembered as a pricey lesson.,Question to ponder: As the day arrives when all fossil fuels will have been used up by human beings, what shall be done? Hints ,Oilseed rape is also a source of bio
27、fuel,UK installed wind power capacity 1990-2010,Burbo Bank Offshore Wind Farm,the UK is ranked as the worlds 8th largest producer of wind power,The wind turbine at Greenpark, Reading, Berkshire,6.2.2 Manufacturing Brain-storming: The UK was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. Naturally the
28、manufacturing industry used to play and still plays an important role in national economy. How would you describe the current status of this sector? Think of as many expressions as possible. Hints , diversified fully mature highly-efficient information-intensive technology-based in a relative and co
29、ntinuous decline a vital factor in foreign trade,important sectors of the manufacturing industry,Aerospace,Facts and figures: The aerospace industry in the UK is the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world. It is one of the biggest exporting industries in the UK. There are around 1,500
30、 aerospace companies in the UK. About half of the industry is in the production of military aircraft and parts, the rest in civil aviation. It has an annual turnover of around 20 billion.,A Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine on the wing of an Airbus A380,Airbus A380,Major manufacturers in the aerospace in
31、dustry,Motor vehicle,Facts and figures: The UK is a leading centre of automotive design and production, particularly of engines. The UK has around 2,600 automotive component manufacturers. All large-volume vehicle producers in the UK are now foreign-owned. There are over 40 vehicle manufacturers in
32、the UK.,The following pictures represent the 8 major car manufacturers in the UK. Can you recognize them?,Electronics, Electronic chip design is the biggest strong point within this industry in the UK.,The Silicon Glen is a center of the electronics industry and it is also the site of many overseas
33、computer firms.,As a nickname for the high tech sector of Scotland, it is applied to the Central Belt triangle between Dundee, Inverclyde and Edinburgh, which includes Fife, Glasgow and Stirling.,Major categories of electronics production in the UK machinery components, eg. microprocessors telecommu
34、nications equipment consumer electronics medical equipment instrumentation process control - used in engineering and statistics optical and photographic equipment electronic systems design photonics, eg. optical technologies, lasers and laser processing equipment and lighting,Chemicals, Within this
35、sector, the pharmaceutical industry is particularly successful.,Test yourself The following 4 picture represent the trademarks of 4 world-famous manufacturing companies in the UK. Try to recognize them and identify the products they sell.,Conclusion,In this section, we have learned some very basic f
36、acts and detailed information about the British industry which includes two major parts: energy production and manufacturing. From the lectures we know better about the historical significance of the British industry, about its main characteristics, current development and major components.,Further
37、reading and references (useful websites),http:/www.ons.gov.uk http:/www.industry.co.uk/ http:/www.cric.ac.uk/cric/staff/Bruce_Tether/bruce_tether_services.htm, Assignment,Bear in your mind what you have learned from the textbook and the lectures by the teacher. Read extensively from different resour
38、ces and learn more about the general features of the UKs industry and detailed facts of its two major components. Pre-read about the next section of UK.,6.3. Trade Warming-up: 1. What is the UKs position in the world in terms of foreign trade? Hints , a member of the WTO and the EU one of the top na
39、tions in terms of foreign trade volume and share of world markets being the 7th leading importer in the world being the 11th leading exporter in the world,2. With regard to free trade zones (FTZs) or special economic zones (SEZs) in the UK, what are their competitive edges? Do we have similar cases
40、in China? Hints , With the elimination of certain normal trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas, and lowered bureaucratic requirements, new business and foreign investments are more likely to be attracted to these regions. China also has several special economic zones, such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai
41、.,6.3.1 Exports,Top UK export countries,Facts and figures about UK exports: In terms of countries, the U.S.A. remains the single largest destination for UK exports. Since the UKs entry into the EU, the latter has replaced the U.S.A as the single largest unit that the UK exports to. On average, the E
42、U takes up more than 35% of all UK exports.,Main products on UK exports list,Question to ponder: Among the major products that the UK exports, one item stands out and is different from the rest. Can you find it out? Hints ,Class discussion: Study the map on the next page carefully. Discuss with your
43、 fellow students about the current tendency in UK exports. Hints ,Setbacks in UK exports,European Sovereign Debt Crisis,causes,6.3.2 Imports,Top UK import countries,Facts and figures about UK imports: The EU as a whole serves as the single largest provider of UK imports. Outside the EU, the U.S.A. a
44、nd China are the two strongest providers of UK imports. The country ranks the 3rd in the world in terms of importing commercial services, and the 6th in importing merchandise.,Main products on UK imports list,Class discussion: Study the map on the next page carefully. Discuss with your fellow studen
45、ts about the respective total volumes of UK imports and exports. Pay special attention to the gap between the red line and the blue one. What does that imply?,Trade deficit in the UK,6.3.3 Foreign investment,Outward Investment,Net international investment by UK companies 2010,Source: Office for Nati
46、onal Statistics,Facts and figures about the UK outward investment: Europe accounts for over 50% of the UKs total outward investment. Within Europe, the two biggest locations for direct investment by the UK are the Netherlands and Luxembourg, accounting for over 147 billion and over 138 billion respe
47、ctively. The US remains the single most favoured location for UK direct investment abroad.,Net earnings from direct investment abroad by UK companies,Source: Office for National Statistics,Inward Investment,Net direct international investment in the UK by foreign companies 2010,Source: Office for Na
48、tional Statistics,Facts and figures about the UK inward investment: Europe is responsible for over 50% of the UKs total inward investment. Within Europe, the Netherlands, France and Luxembourg are the strongest investors in the UK. The US remains the primary source of inward investment into the UK,
49、with companies from the US investing more than 200 billion annually.,London acts as the most attractive city for inward investment in Europe.,Conclusion,In this section, we have learned some very basic facts and detailed information about the British trade which includes three major parts: exports, imports and foreign investment.