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1、大学英语四级写作技巧Lecture of Writing,一、考核要求,四六级大学英语写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15%。 四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。 要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。,二、大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准,首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线 第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开
2、首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。 第三，开好头，结好尾。 第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，分数会受影响。,Global Scoring,具体评分标准：,2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有
3、个别小错误。 只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分,部分考生在见到作文题，感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，写了一大堆犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。 意识流创作有两种表现：自由分段语言杂乱,三、英语写作问题与对策,一、 “意识流”式写作,我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇120词左右的作文一般不超过12句话，把这12句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。 事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最
4、稳妥的对策。,对策:,7,二、语言大于内容,很多考生非要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。作文应该在25分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。 不管原因也好，措施也好，都不是判卷老师所重视的。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以绞尽脑汁构思内容是没有必要的。,8,对策 ：,写作的三个角度： 语言第一位 结构第二位 内容第三位 要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可,9,三、用词贫乏，句式单一,许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more, I think, as
5、 you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。 统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,10,对策: 少用垃圾词汇,垃圾词汇: helpful 典型例句:Sth is helpful (to sb) 替代语 conducive有助于 e.g Sth is conducive to sb 垃圾词汇:think 典型例句:i think - - 替代语deem
6、， harbor the idea that 垃圾词汇: because 典型例句:xxx because xxx 替代语 in that/in as much as 垃圾词汇: about 典型例句:it is about 250 times of that 替代语 it is approximately - 垃圾词汇: if 替代语provided，supposing,Compare the Following Sentences,We should use different ways to get to know the society. We ought to make use of
7、 various methods to get to know the society. We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society.,12,四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：,1、可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，局限于中学词汇。 比如，我们一提到“重要的” 大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词 它的如下同义词：significant, vital, crucial, critical， etc,13,2、表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。 比如，我们一提到“大” 大多数
8、同学首先会想到“big”这个单词 它的如下同义词：great, large, huge, vast, enormous etc.,四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：,14,策略,1、调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇。 Eg. 引起、导致 Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth to,15,2、用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。 Eg. 利用 Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage
9、of,策略,16,3、文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。 Eg. 适应 Adapt to, adjust to, makefit, get used to, be accustomed to,策略,1. people, persons的替换词: individuals, characters, folks 2. good的替换词: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising (有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding 3. bad的替换词: dreadful,
10、 unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的) 如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 代替,24个经典替换词,18,eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic re
11、cords are less impressive.,24个经典替换词,24个经典替换词,4. many的替换词: an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of , many if not most. Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.,5. some的替换词: a slice of, quiet a few , several 6. thing的替换词: affair, business ,matter,20,7. think的替换词: harbor the i
12、dea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 8. common的替换词: shared 9. get much benefit的替换词: reap huge fruits 10. in my opinion的替换词: for my part ,from my own perspective,24个经典替换词,11. more and more的替换词: increasingly, growing 当修饰名词时
13、用 increasing/growing. 修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly 注意没有growingly 这种形式. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. sth is increasingly popular. 12 helpful的替换词:benefitial rewarding 13. very的替换词: exceedingly,extremely,24个经典替换词,14. cause的替换词: give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 15. reasons for sth的替换词: ther
14、e are several reasons behind sth 16. want 的替换词: desire 17. pay attention to的替换词: pour attention into 18. remember的替换词: bear in mind that,24个经典替换词,23,19. sb be interested in sth的替换词: sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 20. attract ones attention的替换词: capture ones attention 21
15、. have的替换词: enjoy, possess,24个经典替换词,24,22. communication的替换词: interaction 23. be against, disagree with sth 的替换词：frown on sth 24. for example 的替换词： to name only a few, as an example,24个经典替换词,25,善用词组,如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。 比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我
16、们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。 如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组“play an important role in-”。,四级写作中如何造句,26,句型多样,简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句等。 若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读课文经典句子的背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。 Imitation is a good way to learn.,27,适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是
17、用we / I (比如不用 we should pay attention to 而用 Attention should be paid to. ) In a word, the local government should take effective measures to solve the problem. It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the local government like that.,被动句以及倒装句,近些年媒体曝光了很多食品安全问题 Ov
18、er the past couple of years，several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. 应采取及时和严格的措施来阻止某一趋势 Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend. 五分之一的学生拥有信用卡而且数字还在上升 Indeed，one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit
19、 card，and the figure is expected to be on the steady increase.,被动句以及倒装句,29,写作的“四化”：,a. 语言准确化 b. 语言多样化 c. 结构清晰化 d. 内容简单化,主题提纲写作,写作部分,Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags 1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用 2.造成的问题 3.限制使用的意义,3 paragraphs,More than 120 words,Topic sentences,Disposable plastic bags were once widely
20、used in China. When we went shopping at supermarkets and departments stores, shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience. For a while, life without them seemed unimaginable for most of us. However, disposable plastic bags do bring severe damage to our environment. Costum
21、ers usually threw them away after use, and because they are thin and hard to decompose, these plastic products will exist for a long time. This is an immediate threat to our earth and water. Nowadays, the government has passed relevant regulations for limiting the use of disposable plastic bags: the
22、y are not free any more. In some shopping places, in order to invoke the public awareness of environmental protection, plastic bags are offered in a much higher price. As a result, people are changing their behavior: paper and clothing bags that vanished for a long time come back to our daily life.
23、It is true that by limiting its usage, everyone in this society contributes some effort to the improvement of the environment.,Recently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but h
24、as created some serious problems as well. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.,Beginning,Peoples views on vary from person to p
25、erson. Some hold that . However, others believe that. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. There are different opinions among people as to People may have different opinions on Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).,Different opinions,As far as something is conc
26、erned, . It was obvious that It may be true that, but it doesnt mean that It is natural to believe that , but we shouldnt ignore that There is no evidence to suggest that,Incorrect opinions,From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. I cannot ent
27、irely agree with the idea that Personally, I am standing on the side of I sincerely believe that In my opinion, it is more advisable to do than to do. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why,Your opinions,This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. Why did ? For one
28、thing For another. Perhaps the primary reason is I quite agree with the statement that the reasons are chiefly as follows.,The reasons,Here are some suggestions for handling The best way to solve the troubles is People have figured out many ways to solve this problem.,Solutions,The primary reason is
29、/ to begin with/to start with/In the first place besides/furthermore/in addition/whats more last but not least； Previously, simultaneously, eventually； For one thing, for another On one hand, on the other hand,Sequence,Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion
30、that Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. All in all, we cannot live without But at the same time we must try to find out
31、new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.,Conclusion,It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). It is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improvement of There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of Obviously,. If we want to do some
32、thing , it is essential that Only in this way can we It must be realized that,Suggestions,Obviously, if we dont control the problem, the chances are that will lead us in danger. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.,Prediction of result,