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1、题型组合练 (四) (对应学生用书第 175 页) .阅读理解 科普知识 (2020 通、扬、泰、淮高三三模 ) Larger brain size linked to longer life in deer The size of a female animals brain may determine whether they live longer and have more healthy offspring(后代)，according to a new research led by the University of Cambridge. The study，published i
2、n the Royal Society Open Sciencejournal，shows that female red deer with larger brains live longer and have more surviving offspring than those with smaller brains.Brain size is passed down through the generations.This is the first extensive study of individual differences in brain size in wild mamma
3、ls and draws on data comparing seven generations of deer. Across species of mammals，brain size varies widely.This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in the benefits and costs of a larger brain.Mammals with larger brains may ，for example，have greater cognitive abilities that enabl
4、e them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer lifespans(寿命)But there may also be disadvantages: for instance，larger brains require more energy ，so individuals that possess them may show reduced fertility( 繁 殖力) The researchers ，based at the University of Cambridges Zoology
5、Department and Edinburgh Universitys Institute of Evolutionary Biology ，wanted to test if they could find more direct genetic or nongenetic evidence of the costs and benefits of large brain size by comparing the longevity(长寿)and survival of individuals of the same species with different sized brains
6、.Using the skulls of 1，314 wild red deer whose life histories and breeding success had been monitored in the course of a long- term study on the Isle of Rum，they found that females with larger endocranial volumes(脑腔容量 )lived longer and produced more surviving offspring in the course of their lives.
7、Lead author Dr Corina Logan ，a Gates Cambridge Scholar ，says， “The reasons for the association between brain size and longevity are not known ，but other studies have suggested that larger brains are a consequence of the longer- lived species having longer developmental periods in which the brain can
8、 grow.These hypotheses( 假 设)were generated from cross- species correlations ；however，testing such hypotheses requires investigations at the within species level ，which is what we did.” Dr Logan adds ， “We found that some of the cross - species predictions about brain size held for female red deer ，a
9、nd that none of the predictions were supported in male red deer.This indicates that each sex likely experiences its own set of tradeoffs(权衡，协调)with regard to brain size.” The study also showed that females relative endocranial volume is smaller than that of males，despite evidence of selection for la
10、rger brains in females. Professor Tim CluttonBrock，who set up the Rum Red Deer study with Fiona Guinness in 1972 and initiated the work on brain size，points out， “The reason that this kind of study has not been conducted before is that it requires long- term records of a large number of individuals
11、across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals.” 【语篇解读】本文是说明文。 研究指出 ，雌性动物脑的大小可能决定它们是否 活得更长以及是否会繁殖更健康的后代。 1What does the new research about brain size reveal? ALarge- brain red deer tend to be more reproductive. BLarge- brain female deer survive small - brain male de
12、er. CBrain size causes individual differences in some mammals. DBrain size has been increasing from generation to generation. C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Mammals with larger brains may，for example，have greater cognitive abilities that enable them to adapt better to environmental changes or they may have longer l
13、ifespans(寿命)But there may also be disadvantages: for instance， larger brains require more energy， so individuals that possess them may show reduced fertility( 繁殖力 )”可知 ，一些哺 乳动物脑的大小导致个体的差异。 2For different species of mammals ，brain size varies widely in that_ Amammals can develop different adaptive ab
14、ilities Ba larger brain has its advantages and disadvantages Cdifferent mammals are born with different lifespans Dbrain size is affected by genetic or nongenetic factors B细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Across species of mammals，brain size varies widely.This is thought to be a consequence of specific differences in
15、the benefits and costs of a larger brain ”可知，动物脑的大小有差异的原因是较大的 脑有其优缺点。 3What can we learn about the relation between brain size and longevity? AThe cause and effect needs to be further investigated. BBrain size absolutely determines animals longevity. CLonger- lived species allow brains to grow to a
16、large size. DThe cross - species assumptions apply to red deer of both sexes. A推理判断题。根据第五段中的 “ The reasons for the association between brain size and longevity are not known . ” 可知， 动物脑的大小与其寿命的关联的前因 后果仍需研究。 4What can we infer from Professor Tim Clutton Brocks words? AResearchers cant possibly reach
17、a conclusion about the reason. BResearchers are not patient enough to keep long- term records. CSuch research has been thoroughly conducted on wild animals before. DSuch research will witness great difficulty in the long- term process. D推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 “The reason that this kind of study has not been
18、 conducted before is that it requires long-term records of a large number of individuals across multiple generations and data of this kind are still rare in wild animals”可知，文中谈及的研究用时长且艰难。 【导学号： 25874091】 .任务型阅读 (2020 无锡高三一模 )The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do t
19、he right thing at the right time.However ， that is not the case ， especially when it comes to instilling( 逐步培养 )proper behavior in kids.Behavior modification(BM)techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults. Behavior modification refers to estab
20、lishing various appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired.Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by BF.Skinner，an American behaviorist.These techniques are used in behavior modification treatme
21、nt that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children. The commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement(强化)，negative reinforcement and punishment.Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding
22、 it.This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs desired behavior.Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior because the desired behavior was performed.For example ， not letting a child help in washing dishes beca
23、use he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement.Punishment is something we all can relate to.Yes，it is just what it means.However ，when put in words，punishment refers to subjecting(使服从于 )an individual to a negative condition because of inappropriate behavior. The behavi
24、or modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement.However，parents should realize that these techniques cant be relied upon totally for child behavior modification.Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results，a parent should continuou
25、sly try to cultivate(培养)in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such behavior is expected of him.This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent-child relationship.As a parent，dont make the reward a monetary one.Try to make it look more like a privilege
26、 than a reward.A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not. Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification to children ，both paren
27、ts and teachers have equally important roles to play.Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management ， teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking ，and continuous monitoring of a childs behavior.It is true that there are various behavior modification techni
28、ques available for encouraging proper behavior in children.However，there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate(慈 爱)environment. Techniques for Modifying Behavior 5._ of BM Establishing various appropriate behaviors and discouraging undesirable ones ， aiming to co
29、rrect and instill proper behavior in individuals. Types of BM techniques Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing 6._ behavior by means of rewarding it. Negative reinforcement: 7._a negative consequence or behavior. Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition 8._to improper behavior. BM
30、techniques for children For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results，but they are not totally9._. Effective ways Communicating 10._with children and focusing more on the child-parent relationship. Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward. Remember
31、ing to 11._to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance. For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles. Effective ways Playing their role through classroom management designed for the 12._of potential problems. Teaching 13._skills needed in our socie
32、ty. Monitoring childrens behavior continuously. 14._ Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behavior in children. 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。介绍了什么是行为矫正及行为矫正技巧。 5Definition信息归纳题。 根据第二段中的 “ Behavior modification refers to establishing various appropriate b
33、ehaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired” 及表格右栏中的内容可知，这里是behavior modification 的定义 ，故填 Definition 。 6desired/proper/appropriate 直接信息题。根据第三段中的“ Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it ” “ desired beha
34、vior ” 可知，积极强化指的是通过给 予 奖 励 的 方 式 来 强 化 想 要 的 或 合 适 的 行 为 。 故 填 desired/proper/appropriate 。 7 Removing 信 息 转 换 题。 根 据 第三 段 中 的 “ Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior” 可知，负面强化的行为策略是基于移除负面后果或行为的，此句 中的 removal 是关键词汇 ，故填 Removing。 8d
35、ue/owing/thanks信息转换题。 根据第三段中的 “ because of inappropriate behavior” 可知此处应填 due/owing/thanks。 due/owing/thanks to是固定用法 ， 意为“因为，由于”。 9reliable/dependable信息转换题。根据第四段中的“ parents should realize that these techniques cant be relied upon totally . ” 可知，父母在矫正孩子的 行为时不能完全依靠这些技巧。故填reliable/dependable 。 10effect
36、ively信息转换题。根据第四段中的“ This can be done through effective communication” 可知 ，父母要与孩子进行有效的交流。故填副词 effectively。 11 stick/keep信息转换题。根据第四段中的“ A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance” 可知，父 母应该坚持使用同样的方法。stick/keep to意为“坚持”。 12prevention信息转换题。根据最后一段中的“ Teac
37、hers play their role through preventive classroom management ” 可知 ，老师通过预防课堂问题行 为来优化课堂管理。句中的preventive 是关键词汇 ，再结合空前的 the 和 空后的 of 可知应填 prevention。 13problem- solving信息转换题。根据最后一段中的“ teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking” 可知，此处指的是教给学生 处理问题的技能。 14Conclusion信息归纳题。根据文章最后一段及
38、右栏的内容可知，此处 指的是结论 ，故填 Conclusion。 .书面表达 (2020 连云港、宿迁、徐州高三三模)请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语 写一篇 150 词左右的文章。 Ben John，May Ashworths grandson，posted a picture of his grandmas search history on his Twitter.She was asking for a translation of the Roman figures MCMXCV . “I asked my nan why she used please and thank you
39、and it seemed she thinks that there is someone a physical person at Googles headquarters who looks after the searches.She thinks that by being polite and using her manners ，the search would be quicker， ” he said. Hundreds of thousands of people have seen the Tweet and many have expressed how much th
40、ey loved it. 参考词汇：网络礼仪digital etiquette 写作内容 1用约 30 个单词概述上述信息的主要内容； 2从网络文明建设和个人素养提升两个方面论述网络礼仪的重要性； 3就如何提高公民网络礼仪，提出切实可行的建议(至少两点 )。 写作要求 1写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句； 2作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3不必写标题。 评分标准 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 【参考范文】 Ben Johns grandma is found to ask Google Search in an e
41、xtremely polite way， whose behaviour is beyond the expectation of her grandson but fully appreciated by Google and many netizens. It goes without saying that social manners are of great significance in the virtual world.On the one hand，removing barriers in communication，the observation of digital et
42、iquette helps create a harmonious and civilized network environment.On the other hand ， how a person behaves when nobody knows who he is online， to a large extent，can reflect his genuine personality. There is no simple solution to the promotion of digital etiquette.As for individuals， we cannot be too thoughtful about the contents we post online.Moreover， the authority concerned should enhance the supervision of the mis -behaviours on the Internet.All in all ，wherever we are ，the principle that we should treat people the way we want to be treated should never be neglected. 【导学号： 25874092】