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1、Postgraduate English Intensive Reading (1),真诚 E-mail: ,Teaching Procedures,Introductions close investigation,Optimism/pessimism,Optimism n. optimistic a. optimist n. Pessimism n. pessimistic a. pessimist n.,Inoculate against预防注射；接种疫苗,e.g.-During the war allied troops were inoculated against diseases
2、, because of fears that biological weapons might be used. All children are inoculated against polio. (小儿麻痹症),metropolitan,Of, relating to, or denoting a metropolis e.g. - the Boston metropolitan area 波士顿大都会区,loophole,Loophole: an ambiguity or inadequacy in the law or a set of rules He wants to avoid
3、 paying some of his taxes by taking advantage of the loophole of the law. Loop: 环，圈,fluke,If you say that something good is a fluke, you mean that it happened accidentally rather than by being planned or arranged. (INFORMAL) e.g. -We won the football game by a fluke. -His success in history examinat
4、ion was a mere fluke.,donate,v.: To present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute - He donated all his savings to the Project Hope. donation n. - He made a donation of $1,000 to Project Hope. donator,recur,v: come or happen again e.g.- This is a problem which recurs periodically. recur to: go bac
5、k in words or thought e.g.- My first meeting with her often recurs to my memory. e.g.-His words of encouragement recurred to my mind whenever I was in low spirits. recurrent a./ recurrence n. e.g.-The patient complained of a recurrent headache.,immune,a.: （against, from, to） -He seems to be immune t
6、o (not affected by) flattery./（from, to） -The criminal was told he would be immune from punishment if he helped the police. (被豁免的) immunity n.: The child has received immunity to a variety of infections. immunize v. immunization n. immunology n.(study of resistance to infection免疫学),dodge,If you dodg
7、e something, you avoid it by quickly moving aside or out of reach so that it cannot hit or reach you. e.g.-He dodged the book that I threw at him. If you dodge something, you deliberately avoid thinking about it or dealing with it, often by being deceitful. e.g.-The minister dodged almost all the qu
8、estions that were put to her.,flounder,flounder: To make clumsy attempts to move or regain ones balance. - flounder in the deep snow - The boy floundered in the water till someone jumped in to save him,censor,v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in ot
9、her ways undesirable e.g.-The government censored some parts of the novel. n. He came here as a censor. (officials with authority to examine letters, newspapers, periodicals,etc. 审查员),Detailed study of the text,Para.1: People view the same things differently. It plays a role in introducing “positive
10、 and negative” thinking. The cliches make the beginning more amusing and thus appeals readers.,Para. 2,body: A number of persons, concepts, or things regarded as a group视作一组的人、事、物 -He has a large body of facts to prove his statements.,ill: when used as a noun, it means “anything causing harm, troubl
11、e, wrong, unhappiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease. Synonyms : disease, ailment, illness, sickness,In Para.2: Optimism can help you to be Pessimism leads you to,Topic of the article,In Para. 7When they failed on the first call or two,Paraphrase: When the first few peop
12、le they phoned refused to donate blood,In Para. 8 Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. -Self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction brought to fulfillment chiefly as an effect of having been expected or predicted -Paraphrase: A prophecy may become true whether it is a negative or a po
13、sitive one. / If you think positively, it may bring about a positive result; if you think negatively, it may lead to a negative result.,In Para. 9,A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus test for success. - Paraphrase: Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine one
14、s success in the end.,In Para. 10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify. justify: To demonstrate or prove to be just, right, or valid -The course of events fully justifies our views. -How can you justify your rude and foolish behavior? Paraphrase: Optimists may overestimat
15、e themselves ;regard themselves as better than they really are.,In Para. 10,.there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. Paraphrase: The period of time when they were free from disease was longer and it could best predict that they would survive longer. Translation: (对那
16、些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说)两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好征兆。,pilot,pilot: a. experimental undertaking or test实验性的；试点的. a pilot project 试点项目,In Para. 13,inclined: adj. 倾向的 -I am inclined to be ill after eating fish. 2) incline v.: To influence to have a certain tendency -Recent events incline us to distrust all politici
17、ans. -I incline to towards tiredness in winter. 冬天我常会感到疲乏。,at your mothers knee: when one is a small child,In Para. 15,work with sb.: spend time and effort trying to help sb. in some way -Her husband has a passion to work with her in the kitchen after a hot quarrel.,In Para. 20 keep/lose track of: l
18、earn; keep in/lose touch with -Youd better read the newspapers to keep track of current events,In Para. 20,hold back (1) hinder the progress of -His poor education is holding him back. (2) hesitate; show unwillingness -When danger came, no one held back. (3) keep secret hold back information 隐藏着消息不宣
19、布,Structure Analysis,Part I (1-7): Positive and negative thinking bring different results in our life. Part II (8-12): how differently (in what different ways) optimists and pessimists deal with the same situations . Part III (13-14): Ones pattern of thinking is a learned behavior. Part IV (15-20):
20、Pessimism can change and the ways (how) Part V (21): Conclusion,Main Idea,Citing the results of numerous researches and quoting a number of psychologists, the writer shows the importance of positive thinking. We are more likely to succeed in work and enjoy better health if we adopt an optimistic att
21、itude towards life, including its challenges and blows. Whether inclined to be pessimistic or optimistic, we acquire the thinking pattern as we grow up. However, we can consciously train ourselves to turn our thinking into more positive channels. We will turn out to be what we expect to be.,Writing
22、Pattern,Topic-raising Topic-developing Conclusion,Writing Strategies,Exemplification (for example, for instance, a case in point, etc) - the findings of many experts Citation - words of some researchers Restatement（重述） - optimism meaningless talk -Only a mother can understand her babys jargon.,quint
23、essential,quintessential: representing the most typical example or most important part of something 最典型的，精萃的, 精髓的(FORMAL) -Everybody thinks of him as the quintessential New Yorker. -This is the quintessential English village. quintessence: n. perfect example -the quintessence of virtue/politeness,ri
24、m,rim: n. -the rim of a cup/bowl -the red-rimmed eyes (眼圈红红的),rumple,rumple: v. If you rumple someones hair, you move your hand backwards and forwards through it as your way of showing affection to them；disarrange - I leaned forward to rumple his hair, but he jerked out of the way. -Dont play too vi
25、olently, or youll rumple your new dress. synonyms: ruffle; tousle,sallow,sallow: a. If a person has sallow skin, their skin, especially on their face, is a pale yellowish colour and looks unhealthy. -a woman with sallow face -She had sallow skin. v.: make or become sallow -Her face was sallowed by y
26、ears of illness.,interject,v. If you interject something, you say it and interrupt someone else who is speaking. (FORMAL) -Surely theres something we can do? interjected Peter. -He listened thoughtfully, interjecting only the odd word.,prestigious,adj. A prestigious institution, job, or activity is
27、respected and admired by people. -Its one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country.,slaughter,V. (1) If large numbers of people or animals are slaughtered, they are killed in a way that is cruel or unnecessary. -Thirty four people were slaughtered while queuing up to cast the
28、ir votes. (2) To slaughter animals such as cows and sheep means to kill them for their meat. -Lack of chicken feed means that chicken farms are having to slaughter their stock. Slaughter is also a noun. -a war where the slaughter of civilians was commonplace,Nanjing Massacre,mutate,v. If an animal o
29、r plant mutates, or something mutates it, it develops different characteristics as the result of a change in its genes. -The virus mutates in the carriers body. mutation: n.变化, 转变, (生物物种的)突变 -Are mutations in plants caused by cosmic rays(宇宙射线)?,mustard,mustard gas 芥子气 （第一次世界大战中用的一种糜烂皮肤的毒气）,Celery no
30、t recurrent or progressive; not malignant 良性的对健康无害的；非复发性或渐进性的；非恶性的 -a benign (malignant) tumor 良（恶）性肿瘤 (of person) kind and gentle (of soil, climate) mild, favorable -a benign climate,testimony,testimony: a declaration by a witness under oath, as that given before a court or deliberative body; evide
31、nce in support of a fact or an assertion; proof. -The witnesss testimony is false. -According to the testimony of the medical profession, the health of the nation is improving.,stooge,n.: one who allows oneself to be used for anothers profit or advantage; a puppet. 陪衬甘愿被他人用来 谋其利之人；傀儡,-He has rejecte
32、d claims that he is a government stooge. v. stooge for sb.: act as stooge 作替罪者，替身 -Hed like to stooge for the beautiful girl for the sake of love.,obligate,obligate: -He felt obligated to donate blood. n.: promise, duty -to fulfill an obligate 履行义务 the obligates of a good citizenship 好公民的义务 obligati
33、on n.,trivia,trivia: (used with a sing. or pl. verb) trivial and unimportant things trivial a. - I dont know why he gets so upset about something that is utterly trivial. - She just dismissed my problem as too trivial to be worth discussing,retard,v.: hinder - retard process/development retardation
34、n.; retardant n.,So much for new words.,Thank you!,Text study,(1) Please look at the picture and read the following reports before we learn the text. (2) Please tell us what you think about chemicals. (3) What do you think at the first sight of the topic of the essay? (4) What do you think when you
35、finish reading the whole essay?,pesticide/insecticide,1100 gallons of chemical pesticides are soaked into the soil per 1000 square feet of home area prior to pouring of concrete foundation. Research now shows these chemicals enter into the home years later and are breathed continuously by home occup
36、ants.,We are living in a chemical soup! Every person alive today carries approximately 250 chemicals within her or his body, chemicals that did not exist prior to 1945. This is referred to as the “body burden”, and is our common legacy from the process of development and industrialization. About 100
37、,000 chemicals have entered into the market since 1945, and it is estimated that 75,000 of them remain in commercial use today. A startling fact about these chemicals is that most remain untested for their safety in humans and other species. Only about 1.5% to 3% (about 1,200 to 500 chemicals) have
38、been tested for carcinogenicity(致癌性).,Para.1 The implementation of Proposition 65,Report: The Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) of the California Environmental Protection Agency is adding “estrogens(雌激素), steroid（类固醇）” to the list of chemicals known to the state to cause cance
39、r for purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Health and Safety Code section 25249.5, Proposition 65). The listing of “estrogens, steroid” is effective August 19, 2005,mind,mind n.:(person with) mental ability; intellect - He was one of the great minds of the age.思想家 -
40、 the medical mind; the public mind. 具有医学头脑的人；具有公众头脑的人.,toxic,toxic a.: poisonous - a toxic drug 毒药 toxicity n.:quality or degree of being toxic - to study the toxicity of insecticides toxicology, toxicologist,enforcement /act,enforcement:enforcing or being enforced 实施 - strict enforcement of a new l
41、aw act n 立法机构立的法案,Difficult sentence: This new law bans industries water supplies.,Ban from Dischargeinto Suspect of,ban,ban v.: forbid/prevent, esp. officially - The film has been banned for thirteen years. ban sb. from doing sth: order with authority that sb. may not do sth. - He was banned from a
42、ttending the meeting. ban n.: order that bans sth. or sb.禁令 - This book is under a ban.,discharge,discharge: send or give out 放出；流出；排出；冒出 -The stove chimney discharged dark smoke.火炉的烟囱冒出黑烟。 与into连用（河流）流入，汇入（大海） -The Yangtze discharges itself into the East China Sea.长江流入东海。,defect,defect: - I bought
43、these shoes cheaply because they have slight defects in them. -She suffers from a sight/speech defect.,Para.2-4 Details of the meeting, esp. Amess different opinion,Para. 2-Paraphrase: It was predicted that the day (when the meeting was held) would be filled with mysterious science and difficult ter
44、minologies. But Bruce Ames, had some plans to make the meeting alive.,(1) liven (up) liven: v. make or become lively 使有生气，使活跃 /使高兴 -How can I liven my lecture up? (2) proceeding: course of action进程 (pl) 事件；事项 watched the proceedings from a ringside seat. 在赛场外围的座位观看活动,Para. 3 Description of Ames,(1)
45、bifocal: n(pl) /baifoukl/ glasses with lenses that are divided into two parts. The upper half is for looking at things faraway and the lower half is for reading or for looking at things that are near 双光眼镜，远近两用眼镜 (2) Carcinogenesis: 医癌发生,致癌作用,Question 1,Amess appearance at last years meeting showed t
46、hat_ A. he liked to enjoy the California sunshine B. he was too busy to care for himself C. he was particular about his clothes D. he paid no attention to himself,Para.4 Amess unique attitude towards chemicals,(1) chock-full: filled to the limit 充满的, 塞满的 -The room is chock-full of furniture. (2) haz
47、ardous: dangerous hazard n.: risk, danger -a life full of hazards,DS: A beer, within the water,Parts per billion: ppb十亿分之 A is N times more than B. - Your house is three times larger than mine.,Para. 5-12 Background of Ames and his views,Para. 5 presents Amess different message. (1) headline: a line
48、 of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main points of the news that are broadcast on television or radio,(2) scare n.: feeling of alarm; state of widespread fear v.：frighten; become frightened （常与of, to连用） -The news caused a war scare. scare sb. out of his
49、wits: make him extremely frightened out of his wits (不知所措) a stock-market panic.,Q 2: According to Ames, in our era man-made carcinogens are_ A. less dangerous than natural carcinogens B. as dangerous as natural carcinogens C. more dangerous than natural carcinogens D. the latest cancer scare,Para. 6 gives brief introduction of Ames.,TS: Ames is not a quack. A. He is a respected author