《语言学名词解释(13页).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学名词解释(13页).doc（13页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、-语言学名词解释-第 13 页语言学名词解释Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,
2、interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pikes distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being e
3、tic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pikes distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic
4、set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigators ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessaril
5、y,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are j
6、ust described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of element
7、s of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communica
8、tion.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-relat
9、ed disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropological linguistics,petence: language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual
10、use of language in concrete situation.18.langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.21Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlap
11、ping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.23Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of sym
12、bols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or
13、 obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of /t/in Eng
14、lish.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.27Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulat
15、ion refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the o
16、bstruction of air.31Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Ph
17、onetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that invol
18、ve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,and intonation.34Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35.morpheme:the smallest unit
19、 of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or pound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,sn
20、owwhite,etc.37.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38.affix: the collective term for the type of forma
21、tive that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39.derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41.allomorph:; any of the differ
22、ent form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an
23、inflectional affix can be added.43.bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in
24、the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48.lexical word:
25、 word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of com
26、pounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonologi
27、cal system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name
28、 of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language
29、.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or dif
30、ferent.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in
31、terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61.concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in ter
32、ms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he other
33、s absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents-word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric constructio
34、n: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribut
35、ion is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similariti
36、es,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70.government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomskys TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the muni
37、cative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speakers experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain
38、social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another.74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with
39、 features of the situation in which it is used.75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denot
40、ation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a wo
41、rd or an expression,independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness plentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83.gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,suc
42、h as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85.relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,tem
43、poral and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the
44、 hyponym)88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,positionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.91.prepositional logic: also known as pre
45、positional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic:
46、also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words propos
47、ed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a