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1、-英语学科知识与教学能力考点必背(语音部分)教师资格证-第 5 页学科知识与教学能力笔记（英语）一、语音考点（一）元音Vowels考点1：元音的舌位图从图中可以看到，/i:/与/都是前元音,但是发/i:/时牙床近于全合；发/时，牙床近于全开。可见，发音时调节口的开张程度就产生的不同的前元音。我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图（P70）。图的左方为口腔的前部，右方为其后部。竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分；横线表示牙床的开合程度，图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类：前元音，中元音，后元音（back vowels）。元
2、音一般从四个方面进行描述：舌位（high, mid, low），舌头最高部位的位置（front, central, back），长度（long, short）或紧张度（tense, lax），唇的开口度（rounded, unrounded）音标描述汇总：i: high front tense unrounded vowel high front lax unrounded vowelu: high back tense rounded vowel即u high back lax rounded vowel :或: central tense unrounded vowel central l
3、ax unrounded vowele mid-high front lax unrounded vowel low front lax unrounded vowel mid-low back lax unrounded vowel: mid-low back tense rounded vowel low back lax rounded vowel: low back tense unrounded vowel考点2：专有名词基本元音 Cardinal Vowels纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels发音过程中，音质有听觉上的变化，如果舌运动一次，其
4、滑动导致双元音，舌运动两次产生三元音滑元音Vowels glides：There is an audible change of quality. If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs 如：eI from mid-low front to high frontaI I a I e 略A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong 例如：tower中a（二）辅音Consonants发音时，声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里
5、转向、受阻或完全被阻挡。Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.Vowels元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 区别：the dis
6、tinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。考点1：Manners of articulation发音方式Which of the following words does not contain a fricative?A. Five B. change C. show D. three因为change有两个摩擦音stops 爆破音 p, b, t, d, k, gnasal鼻音 m, n, fricative摩擦音 f, v, , , s, z, , , h、 approx
7、imant近似音 w, r, j 、lateral边音 l、affricate塞擦音 ts, dz, tr, dr考点2：Places of articulation发音部位例题：The phonemenmopen book open market brown paper brown hat 看第二个单词音标是什么bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间 、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后 、retroflex卷舌音、palatal 硬腭、velar软腭、glottal声门h. 总结：p voiceless bilabial stopb voic
8、ed bilabial stopt voiceless alveolar stopd voiced alveolar stop k voiceless velar stopg voiced velar stopm bilabial nasaln alveolar nasal velar nasalf voiceless labiodental fricativev voiced labiodental fricative voiceless dental fricative voiced dental fricatives voiceless alveolar fricativez voice
9、d alveolar fricative voiceless postalveolar fricative voiced postalveolar fricativeh glottal fricativet voiceless postalveolar affricated voiced postalveolar affricatel alveolar lateralr alveolar approximantw bilabial approximantj palatal approximant（三）Assimilation同化现象：a process by which one sound t
10、akes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound.Nasalization鼻音化、cap canDentalization齿音、tent tenthVelarization软腭 since sinkVoiced frication有声擦音voiceless无声擦音/_voiceless清音five past/ has to/ have to hf tu are all instances Assimilation. is often used synonymously with coarticulation协同发音If the
11、 sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation(先期协同发音). If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation（后滞协同发音）, as is the case of map.（四）Suprasegmental Features超音段特征the aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmental features 特征are syllable音节, stress重音, tone声调, and intonation语调考点： 重音StressIn general situations, notional words实词 are normally stressed while structural words虚词 are unstressed.