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1、-英语句子成分主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语同位语讲解-第 5 页主语从句 即一个句子作主语 如：what he said is true. what he said是一个句子 具备最短的句子所应有的主语（he）和谓语动词(said)。又应有what引导词 所以做从句，又Is 是大句子中的谓语动词，在主句中，所以 其前的成分为主语，主语是一个句子，叫做主语从句。 宾语从句和主语从句同理，事不过宾语从句是在谓语动词后的句子，谓语后的成分是宾语。如： He said that the girl is beautiful. that the girl is beautiful为宾语从句，做动词said
2、后的宾语。表语从句依然如此，只是动词为系动词或感官动词，动词后为表语从句。如：He is who I am looking for. who I am looking for. 为表语从句，做系动词is的表语。 前几种句子均为名词性从句，引导词指人用who whose whom,指物用which，what。其中which有范围 what没范围。连接副词有：when where why how四种。如：I dont know where he is going.（宾从）定语从句为形容词性从句，即一个句子像一个形容词，修饰一个名词或代词，而被修饰的词在句子前面，叫做先行词。 如：The girl
3、who wears a red coat is my classmate. 其中who wears a red coat 是定语从句，修饰the girl, 所以the girl为先行词，主句为The girl is my classmate。 定语从句引导词 指人和名词性从句相同，who whose whom；指物只用which，没有what；that 即指人又指物。关系副词没有how 即 when,where,why.如： The year when I arrived there is 2000. （when I arrived there为从句）状语从句考点比较简单，记住他引导词的意思
4、就行了，如时间是when while等，地点是where wherever,原因是why 结果because等就可以了英语主谓宾表定状补成分精简讲解一 主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 1 名词作主语。 A tree has fallen across the road. (倒下横在) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2 代词用作主语。 Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a jok
5、e but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑) 3 数词用作主语。 Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5 副词用作主语。 Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6 名词化的介词作主语。 The ups and downs of lif
6、e must be taken as they come. 7 不定式用作主语。 To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 8 动名词用作主语。 Smoking is bad for you. Watching a film is pleasure,but making one is hard work. 9 名词化的过去分词用作主语。 The disabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old ag
7、e. 10. 介词短语用作主语。 To Beijing is not very far. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 11. 从句用作主语。 Whenever you are ready will be fine. Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 12. 句子用作主语。 How do you do ? is a greeting. “你好”是一句问候语。 二谓语 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate
8、verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。 1由简单的动词构成。 (1). What happened? 发生了什么事？ (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2由动词短语构成的谓语。 (1). I am reading. 我在看书。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？ (3). You can do it if you t
9、ry hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。 这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水 (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（ (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。 (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。三表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词
10、只是形式上的谓语，真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） 2So thats that. 就是这样。（代词） 3We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） 4Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） 5Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词）Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式） My ans
11、wer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose. （不定式） 7Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词） Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词） 8I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分） Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分） 9She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语） The show is from seven t
12、ill ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语） 10Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） 11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） 补充： 能做系动词的实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 1Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实
13、现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。Keep fit.保重。 keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 四宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team
14、 beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词） 6Does she reall
15、y mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式） 7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). （名词化的分词） 8Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句） 扩展： 双宾语问题宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人）。具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb)。间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。常用的有
16、：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等。如：Give me a cup of tea, please. I bought him a birthday present.I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 双宾语可以由介词to或for表达： Please give it to him. Mot
17、her cooks breakfast for us every day.五补语 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）. (1). 形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their plead
18、ings. (2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作并与补语） 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. （名词短语作宾语补语） 3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语） 3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补） 4.The comrades wanted Dr
19、. Bethune to take cover. （不定式用作宾语补语） 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名作宾补 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。 六定语 定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1形容词用作定语是大量的。 （1）. She is a natural musician. （2）. He must be the best v
20、iolinist alive.（后置定语） 2. 名词用作定语。（1）. A baby girl 女婴 （2）. well water 井水 (3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车 2代词作定语。 （1）. Your hair needs cutting. （物主代词用作定语） （2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business. （不定代词所有格作定语） 3数词作定语 （1）. Theres only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。 （2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance
21、. 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 , Room 201 , the year 1949 4. 副词充当定语时常后置，如： the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定语 （1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。 （2）. Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。 6动名词用作定语. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implement
22、s 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法 7分词充当定语 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花 7介词短语用作定语。 （1）. This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。 （2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 8从句用作定语，即定语从句 The car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面的车是我的。 Your
23、 car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 七同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 1名词用作同位语是大量的。 （1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl. （2）.We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a pow
24、erful country. 2代词用作同位语。 （1）.They all wanted to see him. （2）.Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 3数词用作同位语。 （1）.Are you two ready? （2）.They two went, we three stayed behind.4不定式与动名词用作同位语。 （1）.Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.（2）.The first plan,
25、attacking at night, was turned down. 5Of 短语用作同位语 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好 6从句用同位语，即同位语从句 （1）.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. （2）.We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 八状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句
26、的句子成分。如： 1The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。 2作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。 副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 3按用途分时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 （1）。时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do
27、the shopping today or tomorrow? Now China leads the world. (2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月台). （3）.原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them. (4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位
28、于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. (5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to
29、get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didnt seem happy. He helped me although he didnt know me. (8). 程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent would you trust them? 程度（9）.伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there pipe(烟斗) in mouth.