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1、-过去完成时结构与用法-第 7 页过去完成时的结构与用法过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense):过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作或发生的情况,句子谓语形式由had+动词的过去分词构成,通常表述为“过去的过去”。在不同的句子结构中有相应体现,也可跟有一定的时间状语,如by, before等介词或连词。1. 过去完成时的结构:1.1 肯定句:主语+had+done+othersA. I had arrived.我已经到了。B. He had sent the letter.他已经寄了这封信。1.2 否定句:主语+had+not+done+othersA. However
2、,Her father had not brought her birthday presents.然而,她的父亲没有给她买生日礼物。1.3 疑问句:had+主语+done+others肯定回答:YES,主语+had/否定回答:NO,主语+ hadntA. Had Lisa gone to costume ball ?丽莎已经去化妆舞会了吗?Yes,she had.是的,她去了。No,she hadnt.没有,她没去。1.4 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+had+主语+done+othersA. Why had The Castle become a memory of generation?为什么
3、电影城堡已经成为了一代的记忆?1.5 被动语态:主语+had(not)been+done+othersA. At the end of last year,another magic design had been completed.在去年低,另一个神奇的设计已经完成。B. There was still doubtful that why the film had not been chased by public.对于这部电影为什么没有被大众所追捧依然存在些疑惑。2. 过去完成时的用法2.1 在宾语从句中的运用:A. To my surprise,Josh told me that he
4、 had engaged.令我惊讶的是,乔希告诉我他已经订婚了。B. Lizzy asked John what the professor had said in class.在课上,利兹问约翰,教授说了什么。(这里“said”的动作在“ask”之前)2.2 在定语从句中的运用:A. Yesterday, I helped an old man who had lost her way.昨天,我帮助了一个已经迷路的老人。(who引导的定语从句)2.3 在以主语+had done, before/by+过去时间状语词组/从句中的运用:A.Mr.Wanghad attended the conf
5、erence and delivered a speech before he visited Yorkshire.王先生在去约克郡之前已经出席了会议并发表演讲。(before引导的从句,一般过去时)B. Cappuccino had become a quick seller in Starbucks,by the end of last month.到上个月底为止,卡布奇诺已经成为了星巴克的畅销品。(by引导的时间状语)2.4 Had done在虚拟语气中的运用(属于较特殊情况):(1)在虚拟条件句中的运用,此时的意思要根据语境而定,可以与虚拟语气一起来归纳。主要表示与过去事实相反的愿望,
6、即与过去事实相反。A. If I I had taken your advice, I would have got a good grade in the exam.如果我听取了你的建议,我将会在考试中取得好的成绩。(had taken表明过去我没有采取建议)(2)有expect,intend,suppose(假定),hope,think等动词的过去完成时在句中出现时,表示未实现的打算,希望,愿望的意味。A.I expect that I had been an intern in that company.我希望我已经是那个公司的一名实习生。(同样地,我并不是这个公司的实习生)(3)在If
7、 only(但愿,要是) or wish出现的虚拟语气中,同样也表示与过去事实相反的愿望,想法。A. Honestly,if only I had studied in university.说真的,要是我在大学学习多好!(事实上我没有,与现实相反)B. I wish I had been awarded the prize in the sports meeting.我希望我在运动会上被授予了奖励。(事实上获奖不存在)2.5 在时间状语从句中的运用:例如一些引导词 since, until, no sooner.than, hardly.when, scarcely.when 等,一般可视为 had done 出现的信号,从句常用一般过去时。A.No sooner had Whitney Houston began to sing a song than there was an instant sensation.惠特妮休斯顿一开始唱歌,就引起了瞬时的轰动。(注意:这里由于no sooner 否定前置,句子谓语部分倒装,所以”had”提前)A. It was a long time since Darcy had lived in this city.达西住在这座城市已经有很长时间了。(达西在过去的某个时间点之前就住在这座城市)