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1、-赖世雄教你学语法第一章笔记-第 21 页第一章 句子的构成语法学习顺序：单句-连词-（用连词将单句合在一起形成）复合句、复杂句-将从句变成分词短语、不定式短语句子结构搞懂然后看文章，勤看文章，翻字典，用语法。单句的形成：主语动词英文里面没有主语，没有动词是不行的。第一节 主 语可以充当主语的词类，两大词类：名词、代词（名词、代词、动名词、不定式短语、名词从句（句子、问句变成名词）、名词短语）1、名词：The young man is handsome.The young gril is very beautiful.The table is good.2、代词She is my mother
2、. They are beautiful. It is good.3、动名词动词做主语：中文可以用动词做主语，但是英文不可以，要把动词变成名词的形态后再做主语。把动词变成的名词叫做动名词。动名词：动词+ing定义：英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同：在句子可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。动名词(做主语)：所表示的动作已经做过、有经验、已经事实。Studying English it is Interesting.Working
3、 with him is fine.4、不定式短语to+动词原形 to+V原形to-虚词短语-就是两个以上的单词构成的字群。动名词短语：to go不定式短语：working whit him不定式短语做主语：所表示的动作通常还未做。未做的事情、目的、梦想、计划、理想用不定式to（做主语）。To buy something is one of plans. To see him is my purpose. To study abroad is my dream. 动名词短语做主语：所表示的动作已经做过、有经验、已经事实。Working with him is fine.5、主语太长时用虚的主语
4、it代替，不定式短语（to+v原形）放在句尾；动名词（V-ing）改成to不定式放句尾。To study abroad is my bream.To study abroad with him is my bream.To study abroad with a friend of mine by the name of John is my bream. It is my plan to study abroad with my very good friend of mine whose call John. Learning English with Peter is fine. It
5、is fine to learn English with Peter.6、that名词从句中文可以用句子做主语，英文不可以，要把句子变成名词的形状。句子如何变成名词：句子变成从句，句子前面加that名词从句：句子要变成名词做主语，句子前面用that 名词从句：That +句子That he loves me is true.That she studies hard is true.That he doesnt agree with me makes me angry. 7、从句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。That he doesnt agree with me makes
6、me angry. It makes me angry that he doesnt agree with me.8、三种名词从句问句做主语也是需要变成名词从句。总结名词从句做主语有三种：戴慧怡1）that引导的名词从句做主语：that+句子That she studies hard is true.2）whether引导的名词从句做主语：（可以用yes或者no回答的一般疑问句，）whether+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Is she beautiful?Yes she is. No she isnt. Whether she is（不能倒装）beautiful remains to
7、be seen.她是否美有待观察。Will he come?Yes he will. No he wont. Whether he will (不能倒装) come remains to be seen.3）特殊疑问词引导的名词从句做主语：（不能用yes、no回答的特殊疑问句）特殊疑问词+句子，后面的句子主语和助词不能倒装Where will he go?Where is he going? Where he will go(不能倒装) is still a question. Where he will go(不能倒装) remains to be seen.What will he do？
8、 What he will do is still a question.9、名词从句做主语句子长时用it虚代词代替，从句放句尾。这三个主语用名词从句形成的都可以用it代替。That she studies hard is true. It is true that she studies hard.Whether she will come is not know yet. It is not know yet whether she will cone.What he will do is still a question. It is still a question what he w
9、ill do.10、名词短语特殊疑问词形成的名词从句化简过来的，前面放疑问词，后面放不定式短语。特殊疑问词+不定式短语名词短语都是名词从句变过来的。Where to goWhat to doWhen to comeWhom to seeHow to do itWhere we should go（从句） where to goHow we should do（从句） How to do it但是：why不能形成名词短语Why did he cry？ Why he cried（从句）is something we dont know. Why to cry（名词短语）（）Why可以形成名词从句，
10、但是不能形成名词短语。11、介词短语（表示距离、时间）做主语From开头做主语From A to B 表示距离From A till B 表示时间因为前面省略了The distanceFrom Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.The distance from Beijing to Guangzhou is a long distance.By studying hard is important.（）From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.第二节 动词的种类及其用法主语+动词动词分为五种：（将来
11、的五大句型）完全及物动词不完全及物动词完全不及物动词不完全不及物动词授予动词定义：按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词。及物动词vt.是一般后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式；不及物动词vi.不可直接加宾语，是没有被动式的。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语。区分及物不及物动词的方法：验证是否有被动形式写中文：我 他。他被我 。放动词进去，翻译中文是否意思通顺，主动、被动都可以翻译通顺的就是及物动词。准确度99%，1%的例外自然而然会克服。Hit：及物：I hit him. Him
12、was hit.Run:跑步-不及物；跑-及物；经营-及物。I run five businesses.(vt.)（完全及物动词c. vt.动词加了宾语（名词、代词）之后，意思很完全。）宾语：具有名词性功能的既可以做主语也可以做宾语。后面有其他词也是修饰语，例如：形容词、副词、状语、介词短语做状语I love her.我爱她。Her is loved by me.她被我爱。I hit him.我打他。Make：制造I make a chair.c.vt.(完全不及物动词c. vi.动词后面不加宾语，意思很完全。)Dance：I danced.He danced.(不完全及物动词i. vt.动词
13、加了宾语，意思仍然不完全，宾语后面放补充语，补足它的意思不足的。)Make:使成为I make him happy. i.vt.(不完全不及物动词i. vi.动词是不及物动词，意思不完全，动词后面放补充语或者补充语，补足动词意思的不足。)Become：变成i. vi.She became beautiful.1、完全不及物动词：只要是不及物动词只有两种,没有被动语态。主语+完全不及物动词主语+be+Vi-ing现在分词I danced.我跳舞了。He danced.他跳舞了。现在分词：进行时两种时态，Be+V-ing现在正在：I am dancing.我现在在跳舞。当时正在：I was dan
14、cing.我当时在跳舞。He was running.他当时跑了。He was danced.()2、不完全不及物动词：主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语定义：补足语，就是用来补充说明宾语、或主语的句子成分。主语补足语可用名词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。不完全不及物动词不能单独存在，后面要跟补足语。（be、become、get）He became beautiful.He became a doctor.He became a good boy.She became beautiful.她变得美丽了。Bei.vi.是：+名词做补足语：It is book.不翻译：+形容词：She is be
15、autiful.在：+表场所的状语、副词、介词短语：He is at the station.I am here.正在：+：He is dancing.Get获得c. vt.变成i. vi.（后面跟生气的字眼）He got angry（med）.He got handsome.()变成：become+任何形容词 get+表生气的形容词He got angry.他变得生气。被、受到（后面跟过去分词做补语）He got hurt in the car accident.在车祸中他被弄伤了。He got killed.他伤亡了。She got hurt.她受伤了。Turn转动c.vt.I turn
16、the table.变成i.vi.+颜色His face turned pale. The leaves are turning yellow.树叶正变成黄色。3、完全及物动词：只要看到及物动词只有两种形态，主动、被动。Dont hit me.不要打我。I made a chair.我制造了一把椅子。主动：主语+完全及物动词+宾语（名词、代词）进行时：主语+be+V-ing现在分词+宾语（有be动词，有宾语）被动：主语+be+Vt-ed过去分词+(无宾语)主动：I hit him. I love him.我爱他。进行时：I was hitting him.我当时正在打他。被动：I was hi
17、t. I was loved.注意：不是所有的动词进行时都可以用进行时。中文可以说“正在的”，英文就可以用进行时。中文不可以说“正在的”，英文就不可以用进行时。Havec.vt.有，没有进行时。I had dinner at an hour ago.()一个小时前我吃晚饭了。（翻译：吃=eat）I have dinning.()I am having money.()I am loving him.()注意：瞬间动词没有进行时。语法家认为：瞬间动词的进行时，是将来时的表达法之一。写作时一定是主动式大于被动式。4、不完全及物动词：意思没有完全的的及物动词主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+V原形（做宾语
18、补足语）主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+to不定式（做宾语补足语）I make him happy. 我使他快乐。分三类：1）“叫”叫某人做什么事情：make、have +sb do sth get +sb to do sth（用不定式做宾语补足语）I made him wash the car.I made him sing a song.I had him wash the car.I had him sing a song.bid吩咐（过去时“bade”）现代英语这个字用的比较少I bade him wash the car.I bade him to wash the car.Did yo
19、u get the report.(得到c.vt.)I got him to sing a song.（i.vt.）I got him to wash the car. 2）“让”让某人做什么事情：let+sb do st h， save，I let him sing a song.我让他唱首歌。（翻译：vt.让）I have a house to let.我有个房子要出租。（翻译：vi.出租）The traffic in this city never lets up, even at night.这座城市里的交通从不会停止，即使是在晚上。（let up翻译：停止）Savevt.vt. 节省
20、；保存；储蓄；解救save sb or sthvi. 节省；挽救；救球prep. 除.之外=expect3）“强迫”强迫某人做什么事情：force，pushcause，+sb to do sth（用不定式做宾语补足语）Cause促使、迫使、强迫I will force（push） him to do it.我将会迫使他做那件事。That story cause me to cryThat story make me cry.5、授予动词（dative verb）：给予动词，后面有两个宾语。第一个宾语指人为间接宾语，第二个宾语指物为直接宾语授予动词属于及物动词的一种，此类动词需要接两个宾语。间接
21、宾语：授予的对象 （主语先接触的事物）直接宾语：授予的物品 （主语后接触的事物）正常结构：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语I will give you this watch.Please lend me your book. Give：I give him a car. I bought him abook. 我买了一本书给他 I will give him something.我将会给他些东西。 I ask him a question. 我问了他一个问题。倒置结构：主语+ 谓语+直接宾语+介词 + 间接宾语1）表“给予”的概念时，需要用to做介词I gave the book to him
22、.I sent the letter to him.I told the story to him.I teach English to them.I told him a story.I told a story to him.我给他讲了一个故事。2）表“代劳”的概念时，需要用for做介词, “for(自己要花时间花劳务，有劳务性)”I bought him a book for.I bought a book for him. (有劳务性)不能用to I made a chair for him. (有劳务性)不能用to 3）表“从中得取”，时用fromI have heard a lot
23、 from John.我跟约翰了解了很多。I heard nothing from him.4）ask从问，demand从.要求.，require从.要求.，rob从.抢劫.，要与of并用Ask 有两种：I asked a question of him.(用of取代form，这是理论上的用法)I asked him a question.(常态这么用) 他向我问了一个问题。Expect、require、demand以下只有一种：I expected much of him. (用of取代form)I expected nothing of him. (用of取代form)From now o
24、n I will expect nothing of him.从现在起我不对他有任何指望了。He requires nothing of me.他对我没有什么要求了。He demands a lot of me.Rob只有一种用法：rob sb of sth , (例外：重点在sb，sth位置不一样)（of相当于from的意思）He robbed me of my money.他抢我的钱。I was robbed.我被抢了。My money was robbed. ()5）“deprive”剥夺（公民权）、ease减轻v.（easy-adj.）要与of并用The court deprived
25、him of all his rights.法院剥夺了他的所有权利。The task is not easy.这个任务不容易。I feel uneasy.我感到不安。I feel at ease.我感到心安。（ease-n.）I will feel more at ease when you put down your gun. 你放下手枪时我会比较安心。He eased me of burden.他减轻了我的负担。(of脱离的意思)第三节 结 论一、五类动词演变为五类句型1)主语+完全不及物动词 “faint”晕倒（完全不及物动词） He fainted.他晕倒了。 He fainted w
26、hen he heard the bad news.听到这个坏消息他晕倒了。 “ passed ”: “past away”过世I passed when he heard the bad news.听到这个坏消息他晕倒了。“ faint ” 模糊的-adj. faintest最高级I dont know when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。(know -c.vt.,+名词从句做宾语)I havent the faintest idea when he will come. 他什么时候来我连最模糊的概念都没有。She slept.她睡了。She leave. She le
27、ft. 她离开了。2)主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语（名词、形容词）补足语这里是补充主语的不足，主语补足语。是：be动词是不完全不及物动词。Im a teacher.我是一个老师。 He is handsome.他很帅气。He is happy. He is energetic. “energetic”精力充沛a。感官动词：look、taste、sound、smell、feel，不完全不及物动词。+adj.做主语补足语He looks happy.他看起来很高兴。3）主语+完全及物动词+宾语（名词、代词、V-ing、to不定式、名词从句）具有名词功能的词类即可做主语也可以做宾语主语+be+完全
28、及物动词V-ed（过去分词表示被动）“dump”垃圾堆，甩，c.vt.His girlfriend just dump him. 表示plan计划、愿望、期望的完全及物动词用to不定式做宾语“ Want ”: +to do（不定式表示期望，未作的动作。）He want to do it. I want to see him.我想要见他。I plan to想要怎么区分做宾语的用名词从句：中文怎么说英文也怎么说I think that he is nice.我想他是一个好人。（名词从句作宾语） “ Wonder ”：+特殊疑问词引导的名词从句I wonder why she is crying.
29、我想知道她为什么哭。（ wonder 后面不可以+that的从句，翻译：不知道）I wonder that he is nice. 我想知道他是不是好人。()l wonder when he will come. ()“ Enjoy ”:+v-ingI enjoy dancing“ Like “：+v-ing ， +to doI like to dance.我喜欢跳舞。I like dancing. Hate、Like 后可用动名词+doing或不定式+to doenjoy、 dislike后面只能用动名词+doingI dislike doing it.我不喜欢做它。 4)主语+不完全及物动
30、词 +宾语+宾语补足语（动词原形do、不定式to do）He made me happy.made sb do sth.I got him to sing a song.get sb to do sth.5)主语 +授予动词+间接宾语+直接宾语主语 +授予动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语l give him the book.l told him a lie.五大句型1)主语+完全不及物动词2)主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语（名词、形容词）3)主语+完全及物动词+宾语:名词代词V-ingto不定式名词从句主语+be+完全及物动词V-ed（过去分词表示被动）4)主语+不完全及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语:动词原形do不定式to do5)主语 +授予动词+间接宾语+直接宾语主语 +授予动词+直接宾语+介词（to、for） +间接宾语（of、from）