赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(上)(10页).doc

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1、-赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(上)-第 10 页赖世雄美语从头学-初级篇(上)1. people表示“人们”时,只做复数用。我们可以说two people , three people , many people等,却不可以说one people。若欲表示“一个人”时,应说one person或a person2. 不完全及物动词:即接复合宾语动词,其后不仅跟一个宾语,同时需要一个宾语补足语,用来说明宾语的特点。Call作为不完全及物动词they (主语)call(谓语) the girl(宾语) marry(宾语补足语)3. 在以下例句中old可以用of age代替:He is twenty

2、years old = He is twenty years of age4. looks young for ones age = look younger than one really isYou look young for your age = you look younger than you really are你看起来比实际年龄要轻5. See:看见,和见面:I see my friends on the weekends我在周末和朋友见面6. During the day在白天,at night在晚上,以上两个短语做对称用法时,亦可以用by day和by night取代:Jo

3、hn sleeps during the day and works at night = John sleeps by day and works by night7. Each other表示两者的“彼此”的意思,在句中只作宾语,句中的主语必须限定为两者;one other表示三者或三者以上的“彼此”,在句中只作宾语,句中的主语必须为三者或三者以上的人物。8. The wangs = the wang family王氏一家人9. Same相同的,在使用本单词时,之前一定要置定冠词the10. Have做及物动词表示“有”的意思,使用have时,主语一定要是表示“人或者动物”的名词或代词:J

4、ohn has a dog they have many friendsThere be 也表示“有”的意思,但用法与have不同:In the room has a boy(in the room是表示场所的短语,不能做主语,使用时应于句首置there be,然后置名词,在将表示场所的短语置于句尾),改成there is a boy in the room11. Also与too均为副词,表示“也”的意思。但使用时,too至于句尾,其前要有逗号;而also则置于一般动词之前,若与be动词或助动词并用时,则also该置于be动词或助动词之后:Tony also has a dog = Tony

5、 has a dog , too He is a student , I am also a student = He is a student , I am , too12. Alike相同的,相似的。使用本单词时,不可置于名词前:John and Peter are alike brothers(brothers是名词,该句错误) John and Peter are alike in many ways(正确)13. 省略句的功能就是省略两句重复的部分,使句子结构简单又不失清楚的涵义,省略句形成的先决条件是:1. 两句的结构必须相同(亦即两句有相同的时态及动词,第二句方可形成省略句)2.

6、 第一句若为肯定句,第二句则为否定句;第一句若为否定句,第二句则为肯定句(形态有三:be动词,助动词,一般动词)14. They are brother and sister上句中brother和sister是可数名词,照理本句应为they are a brother and a sister,但两个名词代表的是相对的关系,如父子、兄妹、母子 等,这些名词的不定冠词a/an就应省略,故我们应该说they are brother and sister15. The cat is running for its life猫在逃命16. 专有名词(如John)或表示“人”的普通名词(如my fath

7、er)形成所有格时,要在这些专有名词或普通名词之后加“s”,之后再接名词,即Johns book my fathers book但专有名词或普通名词之后有“s”形成复数时,则表示所有格的符号“”要置于“s”之后,即the boys father17. 现在进行时语句格式:主语+be+现在分词,现在分词的形成方式如下:动词原形+ing = 现在分词1. 绝大部分的动词原形可直接加ing形成现在分词:do+ing = doing2. 但若动词以不发音的e结尾时,要先删除e,再加ing:write+ing = writing3. 若动词原形为单音短音节,且以一个短音字母结尾时,应将该字母双写,再加i

8、ng:run+ing = running18. the United States美国,美国的全称为the United States of America,一般均以the United States、the States、the U.S.称呼19. American的复数是Americans,Chinese的复数是Chinese20. All表示“全部的,所有的”,修饰三个或三个以上的人或东西。与代词并用时,置于该代词之后(they all);与普通名词并用时,置于普通名词之前(all the boys);与专有名词并用时,置于专有名词之后(Peter , Mary and Paul all

9、)Both表示“两者都”,用来修饰两个人或东西21. As a matter of fact = in fact事实上 Overseas Chinese华侨22. Shop是不及物动词,不能接宾语;shop需接介词for,才可以接宾语:she is shopping for a new dress23. Either 与Too均为副词,二者皆表示“也”,但用法有别:1. too用于肯定句中,置于句尾,too之前置逗号2. either用于含有not的否定句中,置于句尾,either之前置逗号24. sit作为不及物动词,接介词on(表示坐在无扶手的椅子上面)/in(表示坐在有扶手的椅子上面),

10、再接宾语25. in和at作为介词,之后均可用以表示建筑物的名词做宾语,但in强调“在里面”,at则笼统指“在地方”26. make+人+动词原形:叫某人 my father makes me clean his bike我父亲叫我清洗他的自行车27. shake like a leaf(因恐惧、害怕而)抖得很厉害28. 特殊疑问句是由why、where、when、what、who、which等词起首的问句,疑问词要置于句首;1. 原句有be动词时,该be动词要与主语倒装:why is he crying?2. 原句有助动词can、will、may时,该助动词要与主语倒装:when will

11、you come?3. 原句有一般动词时,一般动词与主语无法倒装,须按主语的人称在疑问词之后置do或者does,再将动词改成动词原形:where does he live?29. Near 在的附近 next to 紧邻,在的旁边 across from 在的对面 in the center of 在的中央点1) 这些介词或短语介词加了宾语之后,形成表示场所位置的介词短语,与there is/are(有)并用时,可置于句尾或句首。Near my school there is a swimming pool = there is a swimming pool near my school2)

12、 若介词短语置于句首时,there可省略。Near my school there is a swimming pool = near my school is a swimming pool30. 一般而言,like有两种用法:作为及物动词,表示“喜欢”;作为介词,表示“像”1) 做及物动词时,句子结构如下:主语+like+宾语(名词或代词)。The boy likes the dog2) 做介词时,之后亦须接宾语,形成介词短语。这个短语使用时,要置于be动词之后(My teacher is like my father)或名词之后(there is no place like my hom

13、etown),或主语之前(Like John , I enjoy music)。31. Fire station消防局 block 街区32. Dreamin = dreaming,在口语或歌词中,常将ing形成的现在分词说成或写成in,以求发音方便。Singing = singin。33. Dream作不及物动词时,通常有两种用法:1) dream of/about+动名词 梦想要 Stan dreams of being a millionaire2) dream of/about+名词(或代词) 梦到 I dreamed of you last nightDream作及物动词时,常用同系

14、名词dream作宾语,此时动词dream可用have取代。此外也可以用that引导的名词性从句作宾语。She dreamed a bad dream last night = She had a bad dream last nightI dreamed that we were swimming togetherDream作名词当主语时,可使用动词短语come true,表示“梦想实现”的意思。His dream came true when he became a doctor34. search作不及物动词时,常与介词for并用(The police are searching for

15、the criminal);search作名词时,有一个固定用法be in search of,即等于search for(Pat is still in search of a better job)35. hope作及物动词时,通常有两种用法:以that引导的名词性从句作宾语(Betty hopes that her son will return home this year),以不定时短语(to+动词原形)作宾语(I hope to meet you again when I visit Tokyo next week);hope作不及物动词时,通常和介词for并用,hope for+

16、名词 希望得到(I always hope for the best and prepare for the worst)36. keep right on:keep on + 现在分词 = keep + 现在分词 继续做某事(right在这个短语中的意思是“一直”)37. 两者 onethe other(I have two friends , one is short , and the other is tall);三者 one anotherthe other(Her three sisters are busy now , one is cooking in the kitchen

17、, another is fixing her bike in the yard , and the other is studying in the living room)38. And连接两个平行单词时,and之前不得置逗号(my friend is handsome and intelligent);and连接三个平行单词时,第一个单词与第二个单词之间置逗号,and则置于第二个单词与第三个单词之间,and之前则可置逗号,但通常予以省略(my friend is handsome , intelligent , and strong = my friend is handsome , i

18、ntelligent and strong);and连接平行的句子时,and之前通常置一个逗号,but亦为并列连词,表示“但是”、“不过”的意思,用来连接平行的句子时,but之前通常也置一个逗号(He loves Jane , and he is planning to marry her this year He likes music , but his girlfriend hates it )39. Glass可作“玻璃”或“玻璃杯”,作“玻璃”时,是不可数名词;作“玻璃杯”时,是可数名词。a piece of glass 一片玻璃 two pieces of glass两片玻璃 a

19、glass 一个玻璃杯 two glasses两只玻璃杯glasses也可作“眼镜”,作“眼镜”时,由于眼镜的镜片有两片,故用来指“眼镜”时,glasses用复数a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 two pairs of glasses两幅眼镜40. Fair skin白皙的皮肤 white skin特指白种人的白皮肤 Maam = madam Bathing suit泳装41. Anybody/anyone用于否定句或疑问句中,somebody/someone用于肯定句中,不过anybody/anyone若作主语时,仍可用于肯定句中,作强调的用法(Anybody can answ

20、er the question任何人都能回答这个问题)42. This、that、these、those在文章中第一次出现之后,第二次使用时为避免重复,this及that应用it代替,these及those则用they代替43. There、here皆为表示场所的副词,使用时,通常置于句尾。但在口语中,常在there及here之前另加一副词over,强调there或here。44. Same之前始终要置定冠词the,常用于下列巨型:A is same as B。the same之前可置副词exactly、much、about表示相同的程度的深浅之别 exactly the same完全相同 m

21、uch the same很相同 about the same大致相同45. Clothes是衣服的总称,是不可数名词。以下名词则是可数名词:1) 上衣:shirt 衬衫 one shirt two shirts blouse女人的圆领衬衫 one blouse two blousesCoat 西装的上装 one coat two coats2) 裤子:trousers长裤(由于裤管有两个,故始终是复数) a pair of trousers two pairs of trousersShorts短裤 a pair of shorts two pairs of trousers3) 裙子:ski

22、rt裙子 a skirt two skirts4) 套装:suit男西装(上装及裤子),女西装(上装及裙子) a suit two suits dress女用服装(一件式) one dress two dresses46. Listen与to并用,方可接宾语。I am listening to music47. News新闻(不可数名词),a piece of news一则新闻 Thats good news = That is a good piece of news48. Wear与put on均表示“穿”的意思,但wear强调“穿着了”(已穿好的状态),而put on则强调“穿上”(穿的

23、动作)49. On Sunday这个星期天 on Sundays每逢星期天 take a shower淋浴50. Seldom、usually、often、sometimes、never、always等频率副词与一般现在时的关系,出现在句中的位置规格如下:1) 句中有be动词时,频率副词置于该be动词之后 John is always busy2) 句中有一般动词时,频率副词置于该动词之前 He usually goes to bed late51. Although/though表示“虽然”,作副词连词,引导状语从句,修饰主句。我们因受中文语法“虽然但是”的影响,而可能在英文中亦说“alth

24、ough/thoughbut”,但是这是错误的用法。因为英文的语法规定两句间的连词只能有一个。“although/thoughbut”之中,although/though与but均为连词,形成错误的双重连接句子结构。故若采用although/though,则but应予省略;若采用but,则although/though就应省略。Though he is nice , I dont like him = He is nice , but I dont like him“becauseso”(因为所以)亦是错误的双重连接句子结构。故若采用because时,则不可再用so;若采用so时,则不可再用b

25、ecauseBecause he is nice , I like him = He is nice , so I like him52. No和not的区别:1) No是形容词,表示“没有一个”,而not是副词,表示“不”的意思。2) No就等于not any(没有任何一个),换言之,no之后可直接名词,而not则需先接形容词any,才可接名词。 I have no money = I have not any money53. Buy something for somebody = buy somebody something买东西给某人54. Some为形容词,表示“一些”。此外,亦可

26、表示“某个”的意思,用法如下:1) 作“一些”解时,之后可接可数名词复数(如friends、books)或不可数名词(money、help)Peter has some very interesting books I have some money2) 作“某个”解时,之后接可数名词单数,此时的some相当于不定冠词a或anSome guy is looking for you = A guy is looking for you None可用来代替人或物,指三个或三个以上的人或东西中“没有一个”,用法如下: None of the(these、those、my、your、his) +复数名

27、词+复数(或单数)动词 None of my friends like(likes) music none of those books are(is) interesting55. Casual clothes休闲装,便服56. Something、anything、nothing以上三字均为代词,可代替物或者事情;代替物时,可指衣服、桌子、手表等任何具体的东西。使用时应注意下列事项:1) 形容词修饰一般名词时,通常置于该名词前。但形容词修饰something、anything、nothing等代词时,该形容词应置于这些代词之后,这种结构成为后位修饰。He is a good boy I h

28、ave something good for you2) Something、anything、nothing无复数形式 I have something to do3) Something使用于肯定句中;anything使用于否定句及疑问句中;nothing本身具有否定意味,不可再与否定句连用形成双重否定57. Except是介词,表示“除之外”,使用时要置于有all、no、any、every等含有完全意义的形容词所修饰的名词之后 All the boys like music except John(对的) Many boys like music except John(错的,many不

29、含有完全的意义)58. Quite a few = many 不少的,相当多的 only a few = few 只有几个,没几个59. Quilt a little = much不少的,相当多的 a great deal of接不可数名词60. All I have to do is (to)dream 凡是以all one has to do、all one does、what one has to do、what one does等做主语,其后接be动词,再接不定式短语做补足语时,不定式中的to通常予以省略。61. In ones arms在某人的怀抱里 in the night = a

30、t night晚上,夜里 hold + 人 + tight紧紧地抱着某人62. Dream ones life away某人在梦想中虚度一生 part from+人 与某人分手 homesickness乡愁63. Further ones studies深造,进修 at first起初(一般用于过去式) first第一(用来陈述观点)64. I was frustrated and depressed我感到泄气和沮丧。 Frustrated和depressed均为过去分词,在句中作形容词用,分别表示“感到泄气的”和“感到沮丧的”。英语中有一些现在分词或过去分词均可作形容词用。现在分词多翻译为“

31、令人的”,过去分词则翻译为“感到的”The question is confused(这个问题感到迷惑,错误的) The question is confusing(这个问题令人迷惑,正确的)The baby is tiring(这个婴儿真累人,是令别人累,这种是正确的)The baby is tired(这个婴儿感到累的,这种说法也可以,所以是正确的)65. Frankly speaking 坦白说,老实说 put up a/the tent架设帐篷 fishing rod钓竿 take turns (at) + doing轮流66. After a while一会儿之后,没多久 for a

32、 while有一会儿 trout鳟鱼(单复数同形) fish鱼(单复数同形)67. 主语若有代词“I”及其他人时,应与and连接,并将其他人置于“I”之前,以示尊重:my father and I went fishing last weekend但除“I”以外,he、she、they、you、we等代词与其他人共同作主语时,这些代词应置于第一个位置:He and his father went swimming last Friday We and Mary sang songs at the party代词并存时,注意下列次序:You , he and I are good friends

33、 We, you and they are good friends68. Have fun = have a good time 玩的愉快 have fun (in) doing something69. Killing two birds with one stone一石二鸟 两全其美 take a day off请一天假 take two days off请两天假70. Get angry with somebody 和be angry with somebody的区别:get强调动作霎那间发生,be强调持续的状态71. Must和have to的区别:1) 表示道德或义务(如爱国,孝顺

34、父母)的“必须”时,只能使用must。Have to 则表示勉强意味(不得不去做)的“必须”,此时亦可使用mustYou must love your country you have to finish your homework = you must finish your homework2) Must通常只能用来表示现在或未来的状况,不能用于过去式中。而have to除可表示现在或未来的状况外,亦可改为过去式had to,使用于过去式中He had to stay here yesterday72. Should 与ought to均表示“应该”,两词可互换 What should D

35、an do = What ought Dan to do ?73. Might和may均表示“可能”,might表示较低的可能性,may表示较高的可能性74. 由于home是副词,相当于表示场所的副词there、here等,置于句尾修饰动词时,这些副词之前不能置介词toLets go home now He went there with Mary但home之前若置所有格代词(my、your、his等),则home是名词,在上列句子结构中,之前应置介词to,以作宾语Lets go to my homeHome亦可与介词at并用,形成固定用法:be at home在家中 He is at hom

36、e most of time75. This way = in this way 以这种方式,这样的话。是作副词用的短语,但way之前有this或that时,介词in常省略76. To make matters worse更糟的是77. 以how引导的感叹句,由于how是副词,可以修饰形容词、副词或动词,因此:1) 陈述句有形容词,之后又无名词时,该形容词移至how之后即可完成陈述句:He is nice 感叹句:how nice he is2) 陈述句有副词时,该副词移至how之后即可完成陈述句:He worked hard 感叹句:how hard he worked3) How亦可修饰陈

37、述句中的动词,此时将how置于原陈述句句首即可完成陈述句:I love the picture 感叹句:How I love the picture 以what引导的感叹句,此时what是形容词,之后需接名词或含有形容词修饰的名词,因此:1) 陈述句有名词时,该名词移至what之后即可完成陈述句:It was a nightmare 感叹句:what a nightmare it was陈述句:They are nice boys 感叹句:what nice boys they are陈述句:He did a stupid thing 感叹句:what a stupid thing he di

38、d2) What引导的感叹句中,what之后接名词,再接”主语+be动词”时,主语及be动词可省略感叹句:what a nightmare it was 省略后:what a nightmare感叹句:what nice boys they are 省略后:what nice boys感叹句:what a stupid thing he did 省略后:what a stupid thing78. Go see a doctor = go and see a doctor英文中come或go以圆形出现,其后接and再接另一动词圆形时,and可予以省略,而形成come或go直接加动词原形的情况。

39、79. Manners风度,礼貌。manner表示做事的“方式”或“方法”,而其复数形式manners则表示“风度”或“礼貌”。表示“方式”或“方法”时,多与介词in并用in a(n)manner 以的方式 She spoke to us in an impolite manner80. be popular with + somebody 受到的欢迎81. look down upon + somebody轻视某人 look up to + somebody瞧得起,尊敬某人82. 被动语态的形成及用法:1) “被动语态”均由及物动词形成,句型如下:They respect him 被动句:H

40、e is respected by them2) 及物动词变成被动语态时,除非绝对必要,否则“by+宾语”往往省略。故上面例句可写成:He is respected3) 及物动词多是一个单词(如上例中的respect),但有时亦由两个或三个单词组成,此时就成为短语动词,它们共同的特征就是最后一个单词一定是介词。如下短语动词:look at,point at,rely on等I cant rely on him 被动句:He cant be relied on Lily looks down upon him 被动句:He is looked down upon83. Why或者why not之

41、后可直接用动词原形,形成简略的问句1) Why + 动词原形 = why should I/we + 动词原形 我/我们为何要?Why stay here? = Why should I/we stay here?2) Why not + 动词原形 = why cant you/we + 动词原形 你/你们/我们为何不能?Why not stay here = Why cant you/we stay here84. 反问句的句型及用法:反问句形成的基本原则是:肯定句应以否定反问,否定句则以肯定反问,句型通常有下列五种:1) 句中有be动词时,以该be动词形成反问:He is polite ,

42、 isnt he ? You arent happy , are you ?2) 句中有助动词时,以该助动词形成反问:He can do it , cant he ? He wont come , will he ?3) 肯定句中有一般动词时,应按时态及人称,以do、does或did形成反问;否定句中因已有do、does或did,反问部分则仍可使用do、does或did:He studies hard , doesnt he ? They didnt like it , did they ?4) 以Lets(Let us)引导的祈使句,其反问部分固定为shall we:Lets go , sh

43、all we ?5) 以动词原形起首的命令句,其反问部分固定为will you:Come here , will you ?使用反问句时,注意下列事项:1) 反问部分的主语始终为人称代词:John is angry with me , isnt John(错的) John is angry with me , isnt he ?(对的)2) 句中主语若为指示代词this、that、these、those时,反问部分则一律使用it或theyThat is good , isnt that(错的) That is good , isnt it ?(对的)These are beautiful ,

44、arent these(错的) These are beautiful , arent they(对的)3) 句子以there is/there are引导时,反问部分仍使用isnt there/arent thereThere is a man there , isnt there ? 85. In a way就某方面而言 after all毕竟 try ones best尽全力 Money talks有钱能使鬼推磨86. 形容词的比较级变化有下列原则:1) 原级是双音节或三音节以上的形容词 比较级:more+原级 more beautiful 最高级:most+原级 most beauti

45、ful2) 原级是单音节的形容词比较级:原级+er taller 最高级:原级+est tallest3) 原级是以辅音结尾同事亦是闭音节的单音节形容词比较级:重复该辅音字母+er hotter 最高级:重复该辅音字母+est hottest4) 原级是以e结尾的单音节形容词,或以ie结尾的双音节形容词比较级:原级+r wiser 最高级:原级+st wisest5) 形容词结尾为“辅音+y”时比较级:将y改成i+er easier 最高级:将y改成i+est easiest6) 还有一些呈现不规则的变化,只能碰到了就记住在原级的形容词之前冠以副词less或least,则分别表示“较不”或“最

46、不”之意最高级使用时,要注意以下问题:1) 形容词的最高级应与定冠词the并用:She is the most beautiful girl in her class2) 含有比较等级的句子结构中,有三个或三个以上的比较对象时,方可使用最高级;若只有两个对象相互比较时,只能使用比较级 Of the two teachers ,John is kinder Of the three books , the one is the best3) 在上面例句中,均含有”of the + 数字 + 名词”的介词短语,句中的形容词不论是最高级或比较级,其前均冠以定冠词the。且由于介词短语已有名词出现,形

47、容词的最高级或比较级之后相同的名词就应省略4) Of引导的介词短语中,数字为three或以上时,of可由among取代,但若为two时,只能使用of,而不可使用among Among the five cars , the red one is the best Of the two cars , the red one is the better5) 形容词的最高级与the之间可置数字,与复数名词并用 John and Mary are the two best students in our class87. Be friendly with + somebody 对某人友善 above all = most important of all最重要的是 saying格言88. Prefer的用法:1) Prefer to + 动词原形 比较喜欢

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