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1、Fundamentals of Materials ScienceFundamentals of Materials Science材料科学基础名词与术语第一章绪论metal:metal: 金属金属ceramic:ceramic: 陶瓷陶瓷polymer:polymer: 聚合物聚合物Composites:Composites: 复合材料复合材料Semiconductors:Semiconductors: 半导体半导体Biomaterials:Biomaterials: 生物材料生物材料Processing:Processing: 加工过程加工过程Structure:Structure: 组织
2、结构组织结构Properties:Properties: 性质性质Performance:Performance: 使用性能使用性能Mechanical properties:Mechanical properties: 力学性力学性能能Electrical properties:Electrical properties: 电性能电性能Thermal behavior:Thermal behavior: 热性能热性能Magnetic properties:Magnetic properties: 磁性能磁性能Optical properties:Optical properties: 光性能
3、光性能Deteriorative characteristics:Deteriorative characteristics:老化特性老化特性第二章 原子结构与原子键Atomic mass unit (amu): 原子质量单位Atomic number: 原子数Atomic weight: 原子量Bohr atomic model: 波尔原子模型Bonding energy: 键能Coulombic force: 库仑力Covalent bond: 共价键Dipole (electric): 偶极子electronic configuration: 电子构型electron state: 电位
4、Electronegative: 负电的Electropositive: 正电的Ground state: 基态Hydrogen bond: 氢键Ionic bond: 离子键Isotope: 同位素Metallic bond: 金属键Mole: 摩尔Molecule: 分子Pauli exclusion principle: 泡利不相容原理Periodic table: 元素周期表Polar molecule: 极性分子Primary bonding: 强键Quantum mechanics: 量子力学Quantum number: 量子数Secondary bonding: 弱键valen
5、ce electron: 价电子van der waals bond: 范德华键Wave-mechanical model: 波粒二象性模型第三章 金属与陶瓷的结构Allotropy: 同素异形现象Amorphous: 无定形Anion: 阴离子Anisotropy: 各向异性atomic packing factor(APF): 原子堆积因数body-centered cubic (BCC): 体心立方结构Braggs law: 布拉格定律Cation: 阳离子coordination number: 配位数crystal structure: 晶体结构crystal system: 晶系c
6、rystalline: 晶体的diffraction: 衍射face-centered cubic (FCC): 面心立方结构第五章 晶体缺陷Alloy:Alloy: 合金合金A metallic substance that is composed of two or moreelements.由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。Weight percent (wt%)Weight percent (wt%)：质量百分数：质量百分数Concentration specification on the basis of weight (ormass) of a particular element
7、 relative to the total alloyweight (or mass).Stoichiometry:Stoichiometry: 正常价化合物正常价化合物For ionic compounds, the state of having exactly the ratioof cations to anions speci-fied by the chemical formula.在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。Imperfection:Imperfection: 缺陷，不完整性缺陷，不完整性Adeviationfromperfection;n
8、ormallyappliedtocrystalline materials wherein there is a deviation fromatomic/molecular order and/or continuity.对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子 /分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。Point defect:Point defect: 点缺陷点缺陷A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most,several atomic sites.一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。Vacancy:Vacancy: 空位
9、空位A normally occupied lattice site from which an atom orion is missing.一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。Vacancy diffusion:Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散空位扩散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration isfrom lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。Self-interstitial:Self-interstitial: 自
10、间隙原子自间隙原子A host atomor ion that is positioned on aninterstitiallattice site.处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。Schottky defect:Schottky defect: 肖脱基缺陷肖脱基缺陷Inanionicsolid,adefectconsistingofacationvacancy and anionvacancy pair.在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。Atomic vibration:Atomic vibration:原子振动原子振动The vibration
11、 of an atom about its normal position in asubstance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振动。Substitutional solid solution:Substitutional solid solution: 置换固溶体置换固溶体A solid solution wherein the solute atoms replace orsubstitute for the host atoms.溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。Interstitial diffu
12、sion:Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散间隙扩散A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is frominterstitial site to interstitial site.一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。Interstitial solid solution:Interstitial solid solution: 间隙固溶体间隙固溶体A solid solution wherein relatively small solute atomsoccupy interstit
13、ial positions between the solvent or hostatoms.相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。Solid solution:Solid solution: 固溶体固溶体A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or morechemical species.Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions arepossible.包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。Sol
14、id-solution strengthening:Solid-solution strengthening: 固溶体强化固溶体强化Hardening and strengthening of metals that result fromalloying in which a solid solution is formed.The presence of impurity atoms restricts dislocationmobility.由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。Solute:Solute: 溶质溶质One compon
15、ent or element of a solution present in a minorconcentration.It is dissolved in the solvent.溶液（固溶体）中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂溶液（固溶体）中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂中。中。Solution heat treatment:Solution heat treatment: 固溶处理，均匀化退火固溶处理，均匀化退火The process used to form a solid solution by dissolvingprecipitate particles.Ofte
16、n,thesolidsolutionissupersaturatedandmetastable at ambient conditions as a result of rapidcooling from an elevated temperature.让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下，从固溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent:Solvent: 溶剂溶剂The component of a solution present in the greatestamount.It is the component that dissolves a solu
17、te.溶液（固溶体）中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。溶液（固溶体）中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。Burgers vector (Burgers vector (b):): 柏氏矢量柏氏矢量A vector that denotes the magnitude and direction oflattice distortion associated with a dislocation. 表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。矢量。Composition (Composition (C Ci i):): 成分，组成成分，组成Therelativecontentofaparticu
18、larelementorconstituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed inweight percent or atom percent.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。Defect structure:Defect structure: 缺陷结构，缺陷组态缺陷结构，缺陷组态Relating to the kinds and concentrations of vacancies andinterstitials in a ceramic compound.在陶瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关
19、的缺陷组态。Dislocation:Dislocation: 位错位错A linear crystalline defect around which there is atomicmisalignment.晶体材料中的线状缺陷，在其附近，原子发生错排。Plasticdeformationcorrespondstothemotionofdislocations in response to an applied shear stress. Edge,screw, and mixed dislocations are possible.在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可以导致晶体材料的塑性变形。 可
20、能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、 螺型位错和混合型位错。Screw dislocation:Screw dislocation: 螺型位错螺型位错A linear crystalline defect associated with the latticedistortion created when normally parallel planes arejoined together to form a helical ramp.The Burgers vector is parallel to the dislocation line.一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为当相互平行的相邻晶
21、面之间依次错粘合在一起形成的螺旋型斜面的中心线区域所形成的原子错排组态。螺型位错的柏氏矢量平行与其位错线。Mixed dislocation:Mixed dislocation: 混合位错混合位错A dislocation that has both edge and screw components.同时含有刃型分量和螺型分量的位错。Dislocation density:Dislocation density: 位错密度位错密度The total dislocation length per unit volume of material;alternately, the number o
22、f dislocations that intersecta unit area of a random surface section.在单位体积材料中包含位错的长度，或者说在材料内部任意单位截面上位错线的根数。Dislocation line:Dislocation line: 位错线位错线Thelinethatextendsalongtheendoftheextrahalf-plane of atoms for an edge dislocation, and alongthe center of the spiral of a screw dislocation.刃型位错中多余半原子面
23、边缘的连线，或者螺型位错中错排螺旋的中心轴线。Edge dislocation:Edge dislocation:刃型位错刃型位错A linear crystalline defect associated with the latticedistortion produced in the vicinity of the end of an extrahalf plane of atoms within a crystal.The Burgers vector is perpendicular to the dislocationline.一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为晶体中存在的多
24、余半原子面的末端附近区域所形成的原子错排组态。刃型位错的柏氏矢量垂直与其位错线。Electroneutrality:Electroneutrality: 电中性电中性The state of having exactly the same numbers of positiveand negative electrical charges (ionic and electronic),that is, of being electrically neutral.材料中一种正负电荷（离子和电子）数目精确相等的状态。在此状态下，材料是不带电的。Frenkel defect:Frenkel defe
25、ct: 弗仑克尔缺陷弗仑克尔缺陷Inanionicsolid,acationvacancyandcationinterstitial pair.在离子固体中的阳离子-空位对和阳离子-间隙原子对。Grain:Grain: 晶粒晶粒An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal orceramic.金属或陶瓷多晶体中的一个单独的小晶体。Grain boundary:Grain boundary: 晶界晶界The interface separating two adjoining grains havingdifferent crystallogr
26、aphic orientations.把两个相邻具有不同晶体学取向的晶粒分离开的界面。Grain growth:Grain growth: 晶粒长大晶粒长大The increase in average grain size of a polycrystallinematerial; for most materials, an elevated-temperatureheat treatment is necessary.在多晶体材料中晶粒平均尺寸的增加，对大多数材料来说，这需要在一定温度下进行热处理。Grain size:Grain size: 晶粒尺寸晶粒尺寸The average gr
27、ain diameter as determined from a randomcross section.从材料任一横截面上测量的晶粒直径的平均值。Microscopy:Microscopy: 显微术，显微镜学显微术，显微镜学The investigation of microstructural elements using sometype of microscope.用某种类型的显微镜对材料微观组织情况进行的研究。Microstructure:Microstructure: 显微组织显微组织The structural features of an alloy ., grain and
28、 phasestructure) that are subject to observation under amicroscope.在显微镜下观察到的某合金的结构特征（例如：晶粒和相的组织结构特征） 。Cu forms a substitutional solid solution for concentrationsPhotomicrograph:Photomicrograph: 显微组织照片显微组织照片The photograph made with a microscope, which records amicrostructural image.在显微镜下拍摄，记录显微组织结构形态
29、的照片。Scanning electron microscope:Scanning electron microscope: 扫描电子显微镜，扫描电子显微镜，SEMSEMA microscope that produces an image by using an electronbeam that scans the surface of a specimen; an image isproduced by reflected electron beams.Examination of surface and/or microstructural featuresat high magnif
30、ications is possible.使用一束电子流扫描样品表面，用样品产生的反射电子束产生图象的一种显微镜。扫描电子显微镜的应用使对样品的表面特征和显微组织特征进行高倍观察成为可能。Scanning probe microscope:Scanning probe microscope: 扫描探针显微镜，扫描探针显微镜，SPMSPMA microscope that does not produce an image using lightradiation. Rather, a very small and sharp probe rasterscans across the speci
31、men surface; out-of-surface planedeflectionsinresponsetoelectronicorotherinteractions with the probe are monitored, from which atopographical map of the specimen surface(on a nanometerscale) is produced.一种不用光学射线产生图象，而是用非常尖锐的探针依次横扫描过样品表面,利用探针对被测样品进行扫描，同时检测扫描过程中探针与样品的相互作用（如样品-探针间的隧道电流或相互作用力等） ，得到样品相关性
32、质（如电子态密度、形貌、摩擦力、磁畴结构等） ，因而统称为扫描探针显微镜（SPM）Transmission electron microscope:Transmission electron microscope: 透射电子显微镜，透射电子显微镜，TEMTEMA microscope that produces an image by using electronbeams that are transmitted (pass through) the specimen.Examination of internal features at high magnificationsis poss
33、ible.透射电子显微镜是用穿过样品的透射电子束产生样品组织形貌像的显微镜。在透射电子显微镜上，可以在高倍下研究样品的内部结构特征。up to第六六章 扩散扩散Diffusion:Diffusion: 扩散扩散Mass transport by atomic motion.固体中原子，或分子等，通过热运动而发生长程迁移，或宏观物质传输现象。这里所谈的原子迁移，在是指固体中原子脱离它原来的平衡位置跃迁到另一平衡位置的位移。从产生扩散的原因来看，原子的迁移主要分为两大类，一类称为化学扩散，它是由于扩散物质在固体中分布不均匀、在化学浓度梯度的推动下产生的扩散；另一类称为自扩散，它是在没有化学浓度梯度
34、情况下，仅仅由于热振动而产生的扩散。自扩散现象只有采用放射性同位素技术才能察觉。此外，还有应力场、热场和电场等所引起的扩散。Diffusion flux (Diffusion flux (J J):): 扩散通量扩散通量The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicularto a unit cross-sectional area of material per unit time.单位时间内通过一个垂直与扩散方向上单位横截面积内的通过物质量。Diffusion coefficient (Diffusion coefficient (
35、D D):): 扩散系数扩散系数The constant of proportionality between the diffusionflux and the concentration gradient in Ficks first law.Its magnitude is indicative of therateof atomicdiffusion.FickFick 第一定律中，扩散通量和浓度梯度之间的比例系数。其第一定律中，扩散通量和浓度梯度之间的比例系数。其量级表示了原子扩散的速度。量级表示了原子扩散的速度。Ficks first lawFicks first law: : 菲克
36、第一定律，扩散第一定律菲克第一定律，扩散第一定律The diffusion flux is proportional to the concentrationgradient.This relationship is employed for steady-state diffusionsituations.扩散通量与浓度梯度成正比例。浓度梯度成正比例。 这种关系被用于描述稳定态扩这种关系被用于描述稳定态扩散。散。Ficks second lawFicks second law: : 菲克第二定律，扩散第二定律菲克第二定律，扩散第二定律The time rate of change of co
37、ncentration is proportionalto the second derivative of concentration.Thisrelationshipisemployedinnonsteady-statediffusion situations.浓度对时间的变化率成正与浓度对距离的二阶导数。浓度对时间的变化率成正与浓度对距离的二阶导数。这种关系这种关系被用于描述非稳定态扩散。被用于描述非稳定态扩散。Steady-state diffusion:Steady-state diffusion: 稳定态扩散稳定态扩散The diffusion condition for whic
38、h there is nonetaccumulation or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is independent of time.扩散组元既没有净堆积也没有净亏空的扩散过程是 稳定态扩稳定态扩散散。也可以描述为：扩散通量与时间无关的扩散过程是稳定态稳定态扩散扩散。Nonsteady-state diffusion:Nonsteady-state diffusion: 非稳定态扩散非稳定态扩散The diffusion condition for which there is some netaccumulation
39、 or depletion of diffusing species.The diffusion flux is dependent on time.扩散过程中，扩散组元存在净堆积或净亏空的扩散过程是非稳稳定态扩散定态扩散。也可以描述为：扩散通量与时间有关的扩散过程是非稳定态扩散稳定态扩散。Self-diffusion:Self-diffusion: 自扩散自扩散Atomic migration in pure metals.纯金属中的原子迁移过程。Interstitial diffusion:Interstitial diffusion: 间隙扩散间隙扩散A diffusion mechan
40、ism whereby atomic motion is frominterstitial site to interstitial site.晶体扩散机制的一种。晶体扩散机制的一种。 间隙原子由一个间隙位置迁移至邻近的间隙原子由一个间隙位置迁移至邻近的间隙位置所构成的扩散。间隙位置所构成的扩散。Vacancy diffusion:Vacancy diffusion: 空位扩散空位扩散The diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration isfrom lattice site to an adjacent vacancy.一种扩散机制，这时候
41、原子的净迁移过程是从晶格结点位置移动到邻近的空位中。Activation energy (Activation energy (Q Q):): 激活能，激活能，Q QThe energy required to initiate a reaction, such asdiffusion.开动某一反应或过程，例如扩散过程，所需要的能量。开动某一反应或过程，例如扩散过程，所需要的能量。Carburizing:Carburizing: 渗碳渗碳The process by which the surface carbon concentration ofa ferrous alloy is incr
42、eased by diffusion from the第七章第七章Anelasticity:Anelasticity:滞弹性滞弹性InIn mostmost engineeringengineering materials,materials, elasticelastic deformationdeformation willwillcontinue after the stress application, and upon loadcontinue after the stress application, and upon loadrelease some finite time is
43、 required for completerelease some finite time is required for completerecovery.recovery. ThisThis time-dependenttime-dependent elasticelastic behaviorbehavior isis knownknownas anelasticity.as anelasticity.应力施加后，应力施加后，大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续，大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续，并且撤去加并且撤去加载，载，样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。这种与
44、时间相关的弹这种与时间相关的弹性行为称为滞弹性。性行为称为滞弹性。Design stress:Design stress:设计应力设计应力ForFor staticstatic situationssituations andand whenwhen ductileductile materialsmaterials areare used,used,design stress,design stress, d d, is taken as the calculated stress, is taken as the calculated stresslevellevel c c (on th
45、e basis of the estimated maximum load) (on the basis of the estimated maximum load)multiplied by a design factor, N, that ismultiplied by a design factor, N, that is d d= N= Nc c, ,where N is greater than unity.where N is greater than unity.对于静态条件以及延展性材料的情况下，设计应力对于静态条件以及延展性材料的情况下，设计应力 d d是计算是计算的应力的应
46、力 （即估算的最大载荷）（即估算的最大载荷）c c乘以一个设计因子乘以一个设计因子 NN， 即即 d d= =N Nc c，其中，其中 NN大于大于 1 1。Ductility:Ductility: 延伸度延伸度Ductility is a measure of the degree of plasticDuctility is a measure of the degree of plasticdeformation that has been sustained at fracture.deformation that has been sustained at fracture.延伸度是
47、指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。延伸度是指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。Elastic deformation:Elastic deformation:弹性形变弹性形变Deformation in whichDeformation in which stressstress and strain are proportionaland strain are proportionalis called elastic deformation. Elastic deformation isis called elastic deformation. Elastic deformat
48、ion isnonpermanent, which means that when the applied load isnonpermanent, which means that when the applied load isreleased, the piece returns to its original shape.released, the piece returns to its original shape.应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为弹性形变。应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为弹性形变。弹性形变是非永弹性形变是非永久性的，即撤去加载后，样品可恢复初始的形状。久性的，即撤去加
49、载后，样品可恢复初始的形状。surrounding environment.从周围环境中向铁基合金表面扩散碳，从而使其表面碳浓度提高的工艺过程。Component:Component: 组分组分A chemical constituent (element or compound) of an alloy,which may be used to specify its composition.合金的任一组成（可以是元素或化合物） ，可以被用于区分其构成成分。Composition (Composition (C Ci i), Concentration:), Concentration: 成
50、分，成分，C Ci iTherelativecontentofaparticularelementorconstituent (i) within an alloy, usually expressed inweightpercentoratompercent.Alsocallitconcentration.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。也称为浓度。Concentration gradient (Concentration gradient (dC/dxdC/dx):): 浓度梯度，浓度梯度，dCdXThe slope of the concentrati