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1、精品_精品资料_非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一,同时也是较难把握的难点之一.它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终.但是,只要仔细分析、透彻懂得、看透本质、精确把握,就肯定能在高考中运筹帷幄,游刃有余.一非谓语动词区分简表to dodoingdone可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_类别区分含义 主 动 被 动同 位 或 将来成分 (名词)主语、宾语、表语(不定式)主动或(正在) 进行( 动名 词 ) 主语、宾语、表语、定语(表用途) 现在分词 定被动或完成( 过 去 分词)作定语、状语、补语、表 语 ( 多 表可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_
2、定 语 、状语、状语、补语状态)否定语、补语( not )tonotdoingnotdonedo时态一般:to进行:todobe一般: doing进行:本身一般: done进行:无doing完 成 :to完 成 : havingdone完成:本身可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_have done语态 一般被动: to be done 进行被动: tobebeing done 完成被动: to havebeen done(只作状语)一般被 本身动:being done进 行 被 动 :being done完 成 被 动 :having been done可编辑资料 - - - 欢
3、迎下载精品_精品资料_作用作 目 的 状 作时间状语、 条 作 时 间 状可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_语、条件状件状语、缘由状语 、 条 件 状语、缘由状语、结果状语、语 、 原 因 状语、结果状方式状语、 相伴语 、 方 式 状语状语、让步状语语 、 伴 随 状语 、 让 步 状语二不定式的用法不定式不行作谓语,但它可以有自己的宾语、状语,构成不定式短语,在句中可以作主语、宾 语、表语、定语(表用途)、状语或补足语.高考对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、 作用、否定、省略、连词不定式等.作主语不定式作主语表示详细的动作,通常指一件已知的事或目的.不定式作主语时,谓语
4、动词用单数.eg:Tosay isa thing,todo isanother.说可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_是一回事,做是另外一回事.( 2)不定式短语较长时,通常放在谓语之后, 用 it作形式主语.eg: ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.学好英语是重要的. It is necessary for us to do the job well.我们做好这项工作是必要的. It is a great honor to be invited to givea speech here.被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸. 2. 作宾语( 1 )
5、常 只 用 不 定 式 作 宾 语 的 动 词 有 : want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend, decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,l earn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等.eg: He refused to help me.他拒绝帮忙 我.She has agreed to come tomorrow.他可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_已同意明天来 .(2) 不定式较长时,作宾语,也可用it代替, 放在后面.eg;Ifinditdifficultt
6、o do thejobwell.(3) “特殊疑问词 不定式 to do结构”具出名词特点,可作宾语.eg: She didn t know whether to go or not. They haven t decidedwhen and where to build the school.( 4)不定式可作介 but,except,besides除 之外 的宾语,介词前有实义动词do 的任何一种形式,后边的不定式就无to, 否就必带 to .eg: Iwanttodonothingbutplaythe computer games . I have no choice but to wa
7、it.3. 动词不定式作表语( 1)不定式作表语放在be 和其他系动词后,说明主语的内容.同样, “特殊疑问词不定式”可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_具出名词特点,也可作表语.eg: My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enterthe key university of Beijing. The firstquestionishow to finda better way to learn English well.(2) 不定式作主语时,表语也必需为不定式,结构必需保持一样.eg:To see is to believ
8、e.(3) 假如主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词 do 的某种形式,那么作表语的不定式可以省去 to.eg: The first thing to do is find her. The onlythinghe coulddo was tellthe truth.4. 不定式作定语不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后.eg: Ihavesomethingimportanttotell可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_you. 不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系. His wish to an artist has never cometrue. 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关
9、系. He is the right man to do the job. 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系.The littlegirlwas unhappy because she had no friends toplay with. 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系. (注:如不定式为不及物动词,其后须加上相应的介词. 5. 不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、缘由和结果,可位于句首或句末,但句首时通常用逗号隔开.eg: We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.(目的) To get a good result,s
10、he worked very hard. (目的)可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ I feelitan honortobe invitedto the party.条件 She was very happy to get the firstprize.缘由 He worked hard only to fail.结果 注: 1. 不定式常用在 so as或 in order后, 与它们一起作谓语,表示目的,但so as 引起的不定式不行置于句首.eg:Inordertoavoidmistakes,checkyour homework.2. 不定式表目的常和only连用,往往表
11、示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果.eg:He hurriedto the stationonlyto findthe train had left.3. “形容词 enough不定式”和“ too 形容词或副词(不表情感)不定式”也可作结果状语.eg: He is old enough to go to school.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ He is too weak to raise the stone.但“ too 表情感形容词( pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等)to do ”表示确定意义,too 前面可用 only,
12、but等词修饰.eg: Theywereonlytooanxiousto leave.他们只是太急于离开了. Sheisonlytoopleasedtogohome. 她特别兴奋可以回家了.6. 不定式作补语不定式作补语表示动作的完成.宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系.( 1 )后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有:want,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade, invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,cal lon,wouldlike/lov
13、e,arrangefor,dependon 等.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_eg: She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmastercallon us to work hard.( 2)动词不定式可作感官动词(五看二听一感觉即: see,look at,watch,observe,notice, hear,listen to, feel )和使让动词( let,make,have等)后面的宾补时,不定式符号 to 要省略,但假如句子变被动结构,必需带to. 表示动作的完成.eg: He made them climb t
14、he hill. They were made to climb the hill.3 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语动词不定式可作形容词的补足语,句型为: 一 主语系动词表语( adj 为convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等) to do.注: to do 常用主动表被动,其中do 为 vt, 主语为 to do 的宾语. (二)主语 find/think/consider/believe等可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_宾语 adj to do. 注:其中 to do 常用主动表被动,其中
15、do 为 vt, 主语为 to do 的宾语. :He is easy to fool ()“特殊疑问词不定式to do”具出名词特征 , 可 作 宾 补 . 谓 语 动 词 多 为show,know,teach,tell等. eg:I ll tell you how to get there 7 不定式作评注性状语或插入语不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语, 放在句子前面、中间或末尾.常见的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with, to start with,to be short等.eg:To begin with,I
16、 thinkyou are wrong.三动名词用法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成式,有主动式和被动式,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语 . 否定形式在其前面加 not.( 1)动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象动作,指一件已知的事或体会.eg: Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.( 2 ) 常 只 用 动 名 词 作 宾 语 的 动 词 有 : admit,avoid,appreciate,consider( 考 虑 ) dislike,enjo
17、y,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,sug gest 等.eg: I can t imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语:give up,belongto,lookforwardto,keepon,insist可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/troublein,have
18、agood/wonderful time in等.eg: I mlookingforwardto hearingfrom you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3) 动名词可作表语动名词可作表语,一般为主语的内容. 表示一般性或习惯性的动作.在概念上可以和主语划等号.把主语和表语倒过来, 句子的基本含义不变.eg:His hobby is painting.(4) 动名词可作定语动名词可作定语,表示所修饰事物的功能或用途.eg:He often studies in the reading room.四现在分词现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特点,
19、在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1 作定语现在分词作定语,单个v.-ing放在被修饰的名词前. 假如短语作定语, 就放在所修饰词的后面.动词 -ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系,表示动作正在同时进行或常常性发生.eg: the falling leaves the leaves which are falling the risingsun the sun which isrising Isaw himgointothehousefacing south.2 作状语动词 -ing或其短语作状语时, 可以表示时间、 条件、缘由、结果、让步、方式
20、、相伴等.表示时间关系的动词 -ing短语可由连词 while或 when引出.eg: Hearing the news,they got excited.时间 Havingfinishedhishomework,shewas可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_playing on the playground.缘由 Studyinghard,youare sure to get the first prize.条件 3 作补语现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行,宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系.后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词(五看二听一感觉 see,look at,wat
21、ch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel )使让动词( have,get )以及其他类动词 leave,keep,catch,set 等.表示动作正在进行.eg: I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday. Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表语现在分词作表语相当于形容词,常表示主语所具可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_有的特点,含有主动意味.大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语,常见的有: interesting,amusing,bori
22、ng,tiring,pleasin g,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring, encouraging等.eg: His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语, 放在句子前面、中间或末尾.五过去分词过去分词既有副词的特点又有动词的特点,在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分.( 1)作定语过去分词作定语,它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系,单个过去分词作定语放在前,过去分词短语作定语放在后.其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念,不及物动词的过去
23、分词只表可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_示完成概念,没有被动的意味.eg: therisensun thesunwhichhas risen fallenleaves leaveswhich has fallen This is the house built several yearsago. Thisisthehousewhichwasbuilt sveral years ago.(2) 作状语过去分词在句中作状语,说明动作发生的背景或情形.它和被修饰词之间是被动关系.它在句中可以作时间、条件、缘由、方式、让步和相伴状语.eg: Tiredout,theystoppedto
24、havearest.缘由 Taken around the city,wewere impressed by the city s new look. Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(3) 作补语及物动词的过去分词作补语,和宾语之间构成被动关系.不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和完成.(1) 可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词(五看二听一感觉) ,使役动词 have,get,make等,以及其他类动keep,leave,like,want,w
25、ish等.eg: I can t get the car going. I had my leg broken last week.( 4)作表语过去分词作表语表示被动意义,主语常是人,一般用来表示感受和状态,可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有: astonished,delighted,disappointed,excited,experienced,exhausted,frightened,interes ted,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等, 有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_如: be inte
26、rested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等.能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等.eg: The door remained locked. We weregreatlyencouragedwhenwe heard the speech.六非谓语动词的独立结构非谓语动词的独立结构为“名词或代词非谓语动词” 或“ with 名词 / 代词非谓语动词” .在语法上是一个独立的短语,不是句子(即:非谓语动词的规律主语与主句主语不一样,须保留之后所构成的结构)
27、 .可放在句首或句尾. 一名词或代词非谓语动词( 1)名词 / 代词不定式名词或代词通常为动作的执行者,与不定式构成规律上的主谓关系,可位于句首或句末. eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_follow in a year.(2) 名词/ 代词现在分词名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者,与现在分词构成规律上的主谓关系.eg :Time permiting,we finish the work.表条件 Springcomingon,thetreesturns green.表时间 ( 3)名词 /
28、 代词过去分词名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承 受者.与过去分词构成规律上的动宾关系或系表关系.eg: Thesigalgiven,thebusstarted. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.表缘由 (二) with 名词 / 代词非谓语动词( 1) with 名词 / 代词不定式不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表示动作尚未发可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_生.eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk. (表缘由)(2) with名词 / 代词现在分词
29、宾语和动词 -ing之间是主动关系, 表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生.eg:The boy sleptwiththe lightburning.(表相伴)(3) with名词 / 代词过去分词不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表示动作已经完成.eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.(表相伴)七非谓语动词的区分问题(一)动词后接 to do不定式仍是动名词( 1)只能接 to do不定式的动词有:want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend, decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,p
30、lan,l可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_earn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等.( 2 ) 常 只 用 动 名 词 作 宾 语 的 动词有:admit,avoid,appreciate,consider( 考dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagin虑)e,keep,mind,miss错过,practise,risk,resist,suggest等.( 3)动词后二者都可跟,意义不同的有: forget to do sth遗忘要做某事forget doing sth遗忘做过某事regret to
31、do sth懊悔要做某事regret doing sth懊悔做过某事go on to do sth接着做另外一件事go on doing sth接着做同一件事stop to do sth停下来开头做某事stop doing sth停止做某事try to do sth尽力做某事try doing sth试着做某事mean to do sth准备(意欲,妄想)做某事可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_mean doing sth意味着做某事can t help( to ) do sth不能帮忙做某事can t help doing sth情不自禁的做某事( 4 ) 动 词 后 二 者
32、都 可 跟 , 意 义 相 同 的 有 : begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等.但是区分在于:后接动名词时表示常常性的动作,后接不定式时表示的是详细的特定的动作.eg:Ilikeplayingfootball,butI don t like play now.重点提示:在以下情形下begin 和 start后只接不定式: . 主语是物不是人.eg:Springcame on and the snow began to melt. . 二者用于进行时eg:It s begin to rain. . 二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词.eg:I began to r
33、ealize how stupid I was. . 二者后接不定式的被动式.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980 s.(二)“感官动词宾语宾补 ( to do sth/doingsth )”的区分感官动词宾语宾补(to do sth)表示事实或全过程感官动词宾语宾补(doing sth)表示片段或进行eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.Didyouseeapencil-boxlyi
34、ngontheground just now. 三 个别“使让动词宾语宾补”的特殊词的用法1) have宾语宾补have宾语 do“让做某事” ,不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作.eg: They had me repeat the message.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ I won t have you say such things. I won t have you blame it on me.have 宾语 doing“让始终做某事” ,现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意引起某人可能去做或表示遭受.eg: Tom tried to h
35、ave her talking.But no use. I won t have you speaking to your parents like that. 注:have 宾语 doing 用于否定句, have 有容忍之意. Whyshould we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.have 宾语 done “让被做”过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示“遭受”、“经受”(动作违反主语的意愿)eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor.The old woman
36、 had her handbag stolen.2) get 宾语宾补可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_get 宾语 to do have 宾语 do“让 做某事”有时就是“说服或劝告某人做某事”eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate 加上插图 the book.get 宾语 doing “使(静的物体)动起来”, 具有进行含义.eg:I shall soon get the machine working.3) get 宾语 done“让被做”用法与have宾语 done 基本相同.eg:He got his wrist broken
37、. 习题练习:1.2022 全国 INow that we ve discussed ourproblem,are pople happy with the decisions.A.takingB.takeC.takenD.to take2. 2022全国 IThe children all turned the famous actress as she entered the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_classroom.A. looked atB.to look atC.to looking atD.look atsmoothly.A.being runB.runC.
38、to runD.running4.2022北京 For breakfast he only drinksjuicefrom freshfruitonhisown farm.A.grownB.being grownC.to be grownD.to grow5.2022 北京twice,thepostman refusedtodeliverour lettersunlesswe chainedour6.2022湖 南 Nowadayspeoplesometimes3. 2022全国 They use computers to keep the traffic.dog.A.Being bitten
39、C.HavingbittenB.BittenD.Tobe bitten可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_separate their waste to make it easier for it.A. reusingB.reusedC.reusesD.to be reused7.2022陕西 Istillremembertothe Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to takeB.to be takenC.takingD.being taken8.2022重庆 Michael s new house is like a huge palac
40、e,with his old one.A.comparingB.comparesC.to compareD.compared9.2022重庆 Withthe worldchangingfast,we have something newwith all byourselves every day.A.dealB.dealtC.to dealD.dealing 10.2022山东 We are invited to a party可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_in our club next Friday.A.to be heldB.heldC.being heldD.hold
41、ing11.2022福建not to miss the flightat15:20,themanager got outforthe airport in a hurry.A.RemindingB.RemindedC.To remindD.Having reminded12. 2022福建 In April,2022,President Hu inspectd the warships in Qingdao,the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.markingB.markedC.having markedD.being m
42、arked13.2022安徽 The playnextmonth aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.producedB.being produedC.tobe producedD.havingbeen produced可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_14.2022天津by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A.Being encouragedB.Encouraging C.EncouragedD.Having encouraged15. 2022 天津 theprojectin time,