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1、情态动词 一、表能力,I am starving to death. I can eat two bowls of rice now. (现在的能力)我快饿死了。我现在能吃两碗米饭。 If you have a good sleep, you will be able to work out this problem.(将来的能力)如果你睡得好,你就能解决这个问题。 I could have caught that bus, but I didnt. (过去有能力做但未做)我本可以追上那辆公交车的,但却没有。,温馨提示 表示经过努力而成功地办到了某个具体的事情时,只能用was/were abl
2、e to,不可用could。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆,但是每个人都逃了出去。,1.(2009北京高考)One of the few things yousay about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather. A.needB.must C.should D.can,解析:考查情态动词。英国人喜欢谈论天气是众所周知的事实,
3、所以此处只能用can,表示“可以,能够”。,答案:D,二、表推测(可能性) 表示推测的情态动词用法比较一览表:,1.表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,may,must 常用于 肯定句,一般不用于否定句和疑问句(may not表示“可 能不”);can 常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中,表示 疑惑、惊讶、不相信等意思。 This cant be done by him.这不可能是他干的。 Can this be done by him?这可能是他干的吗? This may not be done by him.这可能不是他干的。,温馨提示 可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。所谓
4、客观的(理论的)可能性即并不涉及具体事情是否会发生,此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性。而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时,can一般不用于肯定句。,Accident can happen on such rainy days. 这样的多雨天可能会发生事故。(客观的可能性) Peter may come with us tonight,but he isnt sure yet. 彼得今晚可能来我们这里,但他还没确定。(实际可能性,不用can)。,2.could,should,might并不一定与过去的时间有关,而 是表示可能性弱于它们相应的
5、现在时形式。 This may/might be done by him. 这件事有可能是他干的。(后者比前者语气弱),3.should表推测时,表示确定或可能有的未来或期望,即 合乎理想的情况或结果。 He should be around sixty years old. 他应该是60岁左右。(表确定) Its nearly seven oclock.Jack should be here at any moment.(表期待)快七点了,Jack应该快到这里了。,2.(2009重庆高考)Hi,Tom.Any idea where Jane is? Shein the classroom.I
6、 saw her there just now. A.shall be B.should have been C.must be D.might have been,解析: 考查情态动词的用法。根据答语中的I saw her there just now可知,这里是对现在情况的肯定的推测,由此可知C项正确。must be in the classroom的意思是“一定在教室里”。,答案:C,3.(2009安徽高考)Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy;theyjust be quiet people. A.
7、must B.may C.should D.would,解析: 考查情态动词。根据“not necessarily”可知后面应用may表示可能。,答案:B,4.(2009辽宁高考)The traffic is heavy these days.I arrive a bit late,so could you save me a place? A.can B.must C.need D.might,解析: 考查情态动词。might在这里表示推测,意思是“或许,可能”,即由于交通拥挤,“我”可能会到得迟一些。,答案:D,三、表示请求、允许、允诺 1.shall用于第一、三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征
8、求对方 的意见或向对方请示;用于第二、三人称陈述句中,表示 说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 Shall we put off the sports meeting until next month?我们 能否将运动会推迟到下个月? You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow. 到明天你会得到我的答复。,2.could/might/would/should的委婉功能。 Could/Might I use your bike tomorrow morning? 明天早上我可以用一下你的自行车吗? Yes,you can/may./No,Im af
9、raid not. 是的,可以。/不,恐怕不行。,温馨提示上述回答不可说:Yes,you could/might.,3.will/would与you连用表示请求或要求。用wont you强调 邀请的语气,would比will 更客气、委婉。 Would you pass me the plate,please? 请问,你能把碟子递给我吗?,4.may/might表示允许、许可。否定回答用mustnt,意为 “禁止”。 May I turn on the CD player? 我可以打开CD播放机吗? No,you mustnt. 不,不行。,四、表示必要性 1.must常用来表示必要性,意为“
10、必须”。表示现在或将 来必须做某事用“must动词原形”;表示现在或将来不 必做某事时,用dont have to do sth.或dont need to do sth. 或neednt do sth.;表示过去本不必要做某事时,用 neednt have done sth.。 You must act as an adult. 你必须表现地像个成人。 You neednt have worked that late last night.It was harmful to your health. 你昨晚没必要工作那么晚,那对你健康有害。,5.(2009全国卷)I cant leave.S
11、he told me that Istay here until she comes back. A.can B.must C.will D.may,解析: 考查情态动词辨析。“I cant leave”暗示她让“我”必须留在这里直到她回来。情态动词must表示“必须”,符合语意。,答案:B,6.(2009湖南高考)Its the office!So youknow eating is not allowed here. Oh,sorry. A.must B.will C.may D.need,解析: 考查情态动词的用法。选项A表示“必须,应该”;选项B表示“将会,将要”;选项C表示“也许,可
12、能”;选项D表示“需要”,常用于否定句及疑问句中。根据句子语境可知答案应选A。,答案:A,2.should也可表示必要性,在语气上比must弱。“should 动词原形”表示现在或将来应该做某事(的必要性); “shouldhave done”表示过去本该做某事(的必要性)。 You should have come to the conference yesterday. 你昨天本应该参加那个会议。,7.(2009全国卷)What do you mean,there are only ten tickets?Therebe twelve. A.should B.would C.will D.
13、shall,解析: 考查情态动词。句意:你说的是什么意思?只有10张票吗?本来应该有12张票的。情态动词should表示“应该”,符合语意。,答案:A,8.(2009四川高考)I dont care what people think. Well,you. A.could B.would C.should D.might,解析: 考查情态动词。句意:我不在乎别人怎么想。哦,你应该在乎。这里用should表示“应该, 应当”。,答案:C,五、“情态动词have done”用法 1.表示对过去的推测 (1)must have done表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测,意 为“想必/准是/一定做了某
14、事”,只用于肯定句。 (2)can have done表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定, 通常用在否定句和疑问句中。 (3)may/might have done表示对过去已发生的行为的推测, 意为“也许/或许/已经(没有)”。一般只用于肯定 句或否定句中。,You must have gone to bed late last night.You look tired. 昨天晚上你一定睡得很晚,你看起来很疲倦。 He cannot have forgotten it.他不可能忘记它了。 Its too late.I think he may have gone to bed. 天太晚了,我
15、想他或许已睡觉了。,2.表示后悔、责备或遗憾 (1)could have done表示过去没有实现的可能性,意为“本 来可以”。 (2)might have done表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意, 含有轻微的责备语气。 (3)should/ought to have done用于肯定句时,表示本该做某 事,而实际上未做;用于否定句时,则表示不该做的事 反而做了。 (4)neednt have done 表示做了本来不必做的事。,The accident could have been avoided. 这场事故本来是可以避免的。 You might have given him more
16、help,though you were busy. 虽然你很忙,但你本可以多给他点帮助的。 You are late.You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier. 你迟到了。你本该早来五分钟的。 I actually neednt have bought so much wineonly three people came. 其实我本没必要买这么多酒,只来了三个人。,9.(2009江苏高考)He did not regret saying what he did but felt that heit differently. A.could
17、express B.would express C.could have expressed D.must have expressed,解析: 考查情态动词的用法。根据句意可知他觉得本能够用别的方式表达的(却没有那样做)。显然是对过去的事表示遗憾,因此应该使用could have done,表示本来可以做却未做。,答案:C,六、情态动词的其他用法 1.cannot but do sth./cannot help but do sth./cannot choose but do sth.表示“不得不,只好”。 I cannot but choose to go.我只好去。 2.cannot(或
18、never等否定词)与enough/too连用表示 “再也不为过”。 You can never do the work too well. 这项工作你做得越出色越好。,3.may well 和may as well (1)“may well动词原形”意为“极有可能,很可能”,相 当于to be very likely to。 Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的模样变化太大,你很可能认不出她了。,10.(2008全国卷)Liza well not want to go on the
19、 tripshe hates traveling. A.will B.can C.must D.may,解析: 考查情态动词。后面提到她讨厌旅游,所以可以推断出前面她可能不太想去。这只是一种可能性,而不是一种能力或禁止的事情。may well很可能,极有可能。所以本题的答案是D。,答案:D,(2)“may as well动词原形”意为“最好,满可以,倒不如”,相当于had better。 We may as well stay where we are. 我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。 (3)may 可以用于祈使句,表示祝愿。 May you return in safety.愿你平安归来。,虚
20、拟语气 一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句,11.(2009天津高考)This printer is of good quality.If it break down within the first year,we would repair it at our expense. A.would B.should C.could D.might,解析: 考查虚拟语气。句意:这种打印机质量优良。如果它在第一年中出了毛病,我们将无偿维修。这是在条件句中对将来情况的虚拟,用should动词原形。,答案:B,温馨提示 (1)条件句中有were,had,should时,如省略if,则需把were,had,sh
21、ould放在主语前,构成倒装结构。如果省略的条件句 的谓语动词是否定形式,不能用动词的缩略形式。 Were it not for the expense,I would go abroad now.() Werent it for the expense,I would go abroad now.() 如果不是因为费用问题,我现在就出国了。,12.(2006湖北高考)fired,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A.Would you be B.Should you be C.Could
22、you be D.Might you be,解析: 考查情态动词。此处should表示“万一,竟然”。本句前半句实际上是“If you should be fired”,if省略要用倒装结构。,答案:B,(2)虚拟条件句和主句动作如发生的时间不一致,主句和从句的谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式,这种句子叫作错综时间条件句。 If I were you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night.如果我是你,我就不会错过昨晚那部电影了。(现在过去) If they had left home in early morning,they w
23、ould arrive in half an hour.要是他们一大早离开家的话,再过半个小时就该到了。(过去将来),(3)有时虚拟条件不用从句,而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来,这种句子叫含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的介词(短语)有with,without,but for等。 But for your help,we couldnt have succeeded. 要不是你的帮助,我们是不会成功的。 Without electricity life would be quite different today. 如果没有电,今天的生活就会完全不同。,13.(2009福建高考)But for th
24、e help of my English teacher, Ithe first prize in the English Writing Competition. A.would not win B.would not have won C.would win D.would have won,解析: 考查虚拟语气。句中but for一词给出了暗示:“没有英语老师的帮助,自己不会在英语写作竞赛中获奖。”是对过去的虚拟,需用would/could/should/mighthave done结构,而D项逻辑错误。,答案:B,14.(2008山东高考)Thank you for all your
25、hard work last week.I dont think we it without you. A.can manage B.could have managed C.could manage D.can have managed,解析: 考查虚拟语气。由语境可知这里要表达的意思是:如果没有你们辛勤的工作,我们不可能处理好这件事。很显然,这是对过去发生的事的虚拟,所以要用could have managed。,答案:B,二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句 1.用于宾语从句中 (1)用于wish后面的宾语从句中。wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为:过
26、去时表现在;过去完成时表过去;could/would/might动词原形表将来。,I wish she were here.她在这儿就好了。 I wish you had come to the lecture. 但愿你当时来听报告了。 I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 如果有一天我能飞到月球上就好了。,(2)用于表示要求、命令、建议、意图、决定、推荐等意义的动词,如suggest,advise,propose,command,request,insist,recommend等,后面的宾语从句中,其谓语动词为“(should)动词原形”。 He
27、demands that he (should) be told everything. 他要求将一切告诉他。 Janes pale face suggested that she was ill,and her parents suggested that she (should) have a medical examination. 简苍白的脸色表明她生病了,她父母建议她做一下医学检查。,温馨提示 当suggest作“暗示,表明”,insist作“坚持认为”解时,从句要用陈述语气。 He insisted (that) he heard someone in the next room.
28、 他坚持说他听到隔壁屋里有人。,15.(2009浙江高考)The doctor recommended that youswim after eating a large meal. A.wouldnt B.couldnt C.neednt D.shouldnt,解析: 考查虚拟语气。recommend,suggest,demand等词后面的宾语从句应该用虚拟语气,从句中的谓语动词用shoulddo,被动形式为:should be done should可以省略。故这里选D项。,答案:D,(3)would rather后的宾语从句中,谓语用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事。如谈到过去的动作,则
29、用过去完成时。 Id rather you paid the money yourself.(现在) 我宁愿你自己付钱。 Id rather she hadnt done that.(过去) 我宁愿她没做过那件事。,2.用于主语从句中 It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange /natural/a pity/essentialthat从句,从句中的谓语动词 用“should动词原形”,should可以省略。 It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off t
30、ill next week.有人建议将会议推迟到下周。 It is strange that he (should) have acted towards his parents like that.很奇怪他那样对待自己的父母。,温馨提示 以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。 Its strange that he didnt come yesterday. 很奇怪他昨天没来。 Its a pity that you didnt dance.很可惜你没跳舞。,3.用于表语从句和同位语从句中 在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request, advice等名词后
31、的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语 气。其构成是“should动词原形”,should可省略。 Their desire was that a treaty(should) be signed at once. 他们的要求是马上签订条约。 We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing. 我们都赞成他提的关于我们去大连观光的建议。,三、其他情况的虚拟语气 1.在It is (high) time (that).句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用 过去式或should动词原形(其中should不能省
32、略)。此句 型意为“(现在)该”,用来表示建议。 It is (high) time that you went to school. 你该去上学了。 It is (high) time that we should start out. 我们该出发了。,2.虚拟语气用在as if (as though),even if (even though)从句中。 He talks as if he knew all about it. 他说起来好像知道一切似的。 Even if he were here,he couldnt solve the problem. 即使他在这儿他也不能解决问题。,温馨提示 当as if从句的含义与事实相符时,其时态要根据需要而定,而不用虚拟语气。 He talked as if he was drunk.(事实) 他说话的语气好像喝醉了一样。,3.用于if only引导的感叹句中。 If only I were a flying bird! 要是我是一只飞鸟多好! If only I had seen the film! 要是我看过那部电影多好!,