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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用柴油机喷油系统的排放掌握技术讨论摘要：柴油机净化的关键是如何有效地排除NO 和微粒碳烟的生成量；文章从喷油系统动身,提出了改进排放的五种切实可行的方 法,具有明显的现实意义；Abstract: purifying diesel engine is the key to how to effectively eliminate the NO and carbon particles in the smoke generation. Article embarks from the fuel injection syste
2、m, and puts forward the improved emissions of five kinds of practical methods, has obvious practical significance.关键词：柴油机；排放掌握；措施 Key words: diesel engine ； Emission control ； measures柴油机的有害排放取决于柴油机混合气形成及缸内燃烧过程,而这些归根究竟是由喷油、气流、燃烧系统以及缸内工作特质的配 合所打算的；柴油机净化的关键,是如何有效地排除 NO 和微粒碳 烟的生成量；恰恰这两项排放物的生成规律经常是相互冲突的
3、；因 此,任何一个单项措施总有它的负面影响；人们总是在实行某项措 施的同时,应用另一项措施来加以补救和平稳；最终,经常是多项 措施的综合应用,才使排放性能达到一个新的水平；柴油机是一个 多性能、多工况、多因素综合影响的统一体,再加上各种各样的排名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用放净化措施,如何进行优选、折中和综合掌握是一个极为困难和复杂的问题；柴油机的电子掌握和综合治理是有效解决这一问题的最佳途径,也是使各种机内净化措施得以充分发挥效用的保证；在所有净化措施中,喷油系统的改进无疑是最为重要
4、的环节；The harmful emissions of diesel engine depends on the mixture formation and combustion process in cylinder of diesel engine, which are in the final analysis is by injection in cylinder, air flow, combustion system and working characteristics of cooperation. Purification of diesel engine key is h
5、ow to effectively eliminate the NO and carbon particles in the smoke generation. Just this two emissions generated rules are often contradictory. Therefore, any single measure always has its negative effects. People are always in a measures at the same time, application of another steps to remedy th
6、em and balance. Finally, often is a comprehensive application of measures to make emissions performance to a new level. Diesel engine is more than a performance and working condition and factor synthesis influence continuum, plus various emissions purification measures, how to carry out optimization
7、, compromise, and integrated control is an extremely difficult and complex problem. Diesel engine electronic control and integrated management is the best way to solve this problem, effective also allows various internal purification measures to give full play to 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 16 页精选学习
8、资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用utility. Of among all the purification measures, improve the fuel injection system is undoubtedly the most important link.车用柴油机中常用的机械燃油喷射系统有两大类,直列泵系统 和转子安排泵系统；直列泵系统包括直列多缸泵、单体泵和泵喷嘴 系统,多用于大、中型车用柴油机上；转子安排泵系统有端面凸轮 驱动的 VE 泵系统,和内凸轮驱动的径向对置柱塞系统,多用于轻 型客车和柴油轿车的小型高速柴油机上；上述各系统都
9、是应用柱塞 往复运动、脉动供油的方式工作；以下是五种掌握柴油机排放的具 体措施：Automotive diesel engine that is commonly used in mechanical fuel injection system has two types, inline pump system and the distribution of the rotor pump system. Inline pump system including inline multi-cylinder pump, single pump and the pump nozzle system,
10、 used in large and medium-sized vehicle diesel engine. Distribution of the rotor pump system has end CAM driven VE pump system, and the radial opposed piston CAM driven system, more for passenger cars and diesel cars, small high-speed diesel engine. The above systems are application of plunger recip
11、rocating motion, and pulse oil supply work. Here are five kinds of diesel engine emission control measures:一、推迟喷油提前角降低 NO排放 A, delay the injection advance Angle to reduce NO emissions名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用喷油提前角是喷油始点早于汽缸压缩上止点的角度；柴油机都 要求喷油提前,这是由于从喷油到着火有一
12、段滞燃期,为保证明际 燃烧放热中心能接近上止点,防止燃烧拖后,经济性下降,所以喷 油要提前；单从动力、经济性角度动身,正确提前角随转速上升而 增大；随负荷加大而略有增加；车用柴油机由于在宽广的转速范畴 内工作,所以有专设的转速自动提前装置来满意此要求；同一工 况,如提前角转变,会使滞燃期转变；一般推迟喷油时,因初期喷 油更接近上止点,故缸内压力、温度较高,滞燃期缩短；其结果是 滞燃期的预混喷油量削减；当然,如喷油太迟,使滞燃期挪到上止 点之后,就缸内压力、温度未必上升；这种情形一般难于遇到；预 混燃烧阶段是影响 NO 排放最重要的时期；预混油量及混合气量的 削减将使速燃期中压力、温度上升程度降
13、低,从而大大削减 NO 的 排放量；同时,由于压力上升率的下降,噪声也大大降低；因此推迟喷油提前角这一措施,是最早应用的有效降低NO 排放和噪声的计策；推迟喷油,直喷机的 NO 大幅下降,而间接喷射式涡流室柴油机的下降幅度就小一些；但是喷油过迟,就燃油消耗率和烟度都会恶化,对 CO 和 HC 也有不利影响；油耗和烟度的恶化是喷油推迟,燃烧跟着推迟以及缓燃期油量增加,燃烧时期也拉长的必定结果；早期掌握排放的措施不多,为了排放达标,不得不牺牲经济性能；近期已可通过提高喷射压力等多种方法来综合解决这一问题；Fuel injection advance Angle is injection start
14、ing point is earlier than the check point on the cylinder compression Angle. Diesel 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用engines require injection in advance, because from the oil to the fire for a period of ignition delay period, in order to ensure the check point o
15、n the actual combustion exothermic centre close to avoid burning after the economy fell, so injection in advance. Single from the perspective of power, economy, the best advance Angle increases with rising speed； A slight increase with the load increasing. Automotive diesel engine because of working
16、 within a wide speed range, therefore have set up automatic speed device in advance to meet this requirement. The same working condition, if the advance Angle change, change can make the ignition delay period. General delayed injection, because the initial injection closer to the top dead center, co
17、nsequently higher pressure and temperature in cylinder, shorten the ignition delay period. As a result, the ignition delay period of premixed fuel injection quantity is reduced. , of course, if the oil is too late to make on the ignition delay period to check point, the pressure and temperature in c
18、ylinder may not rise. It is difficult to encounter in general. Premixed combustion phase is NO emissions the most important period. Less premixed oil and mixed gas will reduce fast-burning mid-term degree of pressure, temperature rise, thereby significantly reducing the NO emissions. At the same tim
19、e, due to reduced pressure rise rate, noise is greatly reduced. So delayed 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - fuel injection advance 个人资料整理仅限学习使用earliest Angle the measure, is the application effectively reduce NO emissions and noise countermeasures. Delayed injection, injectio
20、n machine NO has fallen sharply, and indirect injection type swirl chamber diesel engine decline is smaller. But injection too late, the specific fuel consumption and smoke worsens, is have an adverse effect on CO and HC. Fuel consumption and the deterioration of the smoke is injection delay, burnin
21、g with phase delay and slow burning oil increased, the combustion time is also the inevitable result of the long. Early few measures to curb emissions, for the sake of emission standard and have to sacrifice economic performance. Have recently can through increase injection pressure and so on the ma
22、ny kinds of ways to solve this problem.二、燃油高压喷射降低微粒碳烟排放Second, the high pressure jet fuel to reduce carbon smoke emission近年来,提高喷油压力的高压喷射措施,日渐成为直喷式柴油机机内净化的正确手段；而间接喷射式柴油机,由于主要依靠气流进行雾化、混合,所以对喷油压力要求较低；在循环喷油量及喷孔大小和分布不变的情形下,提高喷油压力就是加大喷油速率,它直接产生两方面的成效；In recent years, increase the injection pressure of hig
23、h pressure 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用injection measures, is the best means of di diesel engine machine purification. And indirect injection diesel engine, because the main rely on air flow for atomization and mixing, and so on injection pressure is low. In
24、 cycle fuel injection quantity and the size of the spray hole and under the condition of invariable distribution, improve the injection rate and injection pressure is increased it directly result in two aspects. reduce the carbon emissions of smoke particles 可以看出,喷油压力增高,就粒径减小,贯穿距加大,雾锥角 加大,喷雾区的总体积也跟着
25、加大,再加上紊流的增强, ,版权归原作者全部；）这些都直接促进了燃油与空气的混合；其直接成效是降 低了每一时刻浓混合气成分的比例,使生成微粒碳烟的范畴自然缩 小；即使不行防止仍有过浓混合气显现,但因粒子小,四周空气 多,也会加快燃烧和氧化速率,使碳烟形成之初就被加速氧化；所 以高压喷射必定使微粒碳烟排放降低；大量试验都证明了这一点；As you can see, the injection pressure increased, the particle size decreases, and through the distance, spray cone Angle increases,
26、the volume of spray zone starts to increase, coupled with the increase of the turbulence net of paper of copyright statement: this 名师归纳总结 article reprinted from online , all peer 第 7 页,共 16 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用originator. These are directly promoted the fuel and air m
27、ixture. Its direct effect is to reduce the proportion of the amount of the every moment rich mixture, and makes the generated particles carbon smoke natural narrowed down. Even inevitable there are still a rich mixture, but because of the small particles, the surrounding air, also can accelerate com
28、bustion and oxidation rate, make carbon smoke form is at the beginning of accelerated oxidation. Therefore high-pressure jet will reduce particulate carbon smoke emission. A large number of tests have confirmed that. reduce the specific fuel consumption 喷油速率增大必定缩短喷油时期,使燃烧加速,使燃烧放热更集中于上止点邻近,从而降低了燃油消耗率
29、；大量试验结果也证明 了这一点；以上高压喷射降低烟度和油耗的优点,恰恰补偿了推迟 喷油所带来的缺点；反过来,高压喷射不行防止地使混合气快速变稀,燃烧加速,温度上升,从而NO 排放必定有所增大；这一弱点又会被推迟喷油,降低的 NO 功效所补偿；应当记住,高压喷射并没有过大减弱推迟喷油,减小滞燃期喷油量所带来的改善 NO 排放的显著成效；因此如两种措施同时应用,进行合理调配后,NO 和微粒碳烟排放都会同时降低；目前,两种措施并用是最常见的手名师归纳总结 段；三、喷油率掌握技术第 8 页,共 16 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使
30、用Injection rate increases will shorten the injection period, the burning speed, the combustion heat release more concentrated near the top dead center, reducing the fuel consumption rate. A large number of experimental results also confirm this. Above the lower smoke and fuel consumption, the advant
31、ages of high pressure jet just makes up for the delay the disadvantages brought by the injection. High-pressure jet inevitably, in turn, make the mixture quickly dilute and combustion speed, temperature rise, and NO emission will increase somewhat. This weakness would be put off oil, reduce the avai
32、lability of nitric oxide NO, made up for efficacy. Too much should keep in mind that high-pressure jet does not weaken the delay spray oil, reduce the ignition delay period improved fuel injection quantity brings NO emissions significantly effect. So if two measures applied at the same time, reasona
33、ble allocate, NO and smoke particles of carbon emissions will be reduced at the same time. At present, and is the most common means of two kinds of measures. Third, fuel injection rate control technology广义的喷油率掌握,指的是喷油规律掌握,应包括定时 喷油提前角）掌握、喷油期长短掌握和喷油率大小. Here apart from fuel injection timing, single re
34、fers to the timing and at constant circulation of oil, fuel injection duration and injection rate shape control. The injection rate is in addition to the mixture to form factors, another major influence factors of the combustion process. The fuel injection rate, of course, itself and mixture formati
35、on is inseparable. Can imagine, such as fuel injection control during the period of very long, even if the increase injection pressure, can shorten the heating and burning time ； As another example, initial fuel injection quantity is very big, even if delayed injection, also cant get NO and noise dr
36、op too low. If you can, in turn, control the initial fuel injection quantity is very small, just dont delay the injection, also can 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用achieve the same effect. Visible, if can control, fuel injection rate will be extremely rich achi
37、evement, therefore, in recent years become a hot topic of research, development, fuel injection system.抱负的喷油率图形可分为三个时期,即喷油初期,喷油中期,喷油后期；抱负的喷油率图形一般公认为：初期要求喷油率低,喷 油量少,以降低 NO 和噪声；中期要求短而高的喷油率段,以提高喷油压力,缩短缓燃期,促进混合气形成,使微粒碳烟排放和耗油率降低；后期就要求快速终止喷 油,以削减后燃油量和促进碳烟氧化；喷油中期的掌握,一般是通 过提高喷油压力来实现；掌握初期喷油率的主要技术有：机械式预 喷射装置,
38、双弹簧喷油器,电控喷油系统掌握预喷射；大量试验结 果说明,要获得良好的成效,预喷射油量、主预喷射的间隔角度以 及油量和时间的掌握精度都有严格的规定；只有电控高压共轨式喷 油系统才能全面满意这些要求；末期喷油段要求快速关闭,可以通过减轻油嘴往复运动部分 on page 173 is formed, reduce particulate carbon smoke emission and fuel consumption rate ；Late to a swift end to injection to reduce the fuel quantity and promote carbon smo
39、ke after oxidation. Injection in the middle of control, general is to achieve by increasing injection pressure. Control of fuel injection rate in the early years of the main techniques are: mechanical spraying device, double spring injectors, injection electronic control fuel injection system contro
40、l. A large number of experimental results show that, to obtain good results, pilot injection, main injection oil interval Angle and oil control precision and time, there is strict rules. Only electronically controlled high pressure common rail fuel injection system can fully meet these requirements.
41、 Late injection requirements quickly shut down, can reduce the reciprocating motion of nozzle part needle valve, push rod, spring quality, accelerate the speed of needle valve closed to control. This is already widely used the low inertia of injector and small injector type P J type. In addition, in
42、crease the needle valve opening pressure also can accelerate the needle valve seat. But truly effective control means, still is the use of electromagnetic 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 16 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人资料整理 仅限学习使用valve of the electronic control injection system of rapid cut-off.四、小直径、多喷孔加速雾化混合More than four, small diameter, nozzle hole accelerated atomized mixture在喷油速率不变情形下,可以通过减小喷孔直径,增加喷孔数目,使喷注在燃烧室内分布更匀称、更布满的方法,来加速油、气混合,获得较好排放成效；六孔喷嘴与四孔喷嘴相比,六孔的总混合容积加大,单个喷注较窄,芯部浓混合气易于扩散、燃烧；这些都与加大喷油压力的成效相像；增加喷孔