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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Unit2 ：复合材料 游离电子先进材料 刚度、刚性半导体 生物材料智能材料 纳米工程材料1. 金属导电、导热才能特殊强,对可见光不透亮；一个抛光的金属外表具有光泽；2. 陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体,在对高温顺苛刻环境的抗击力方面,优于金属和高聚物；3. 应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料；4. 响应外加电场 或电压 ,压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩；相反的,当尺寸转变时,压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场；5. 随着扫面探针显微镜的问世,这种显微镜答应观看单个原子或者分子,使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简洁原子水平上设计新材料成为可能；Adva
2、nced materials ceramic materials High-performance materials clay minerals Alloys implant Glass fiber carbon nanotube 1、金属元素有很多游离电子,金属材料的很多性质可直接归功于这些电子；Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons directly attributable to these electrons. 2、很多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构；,many properties
3、of metals are Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures. 3、半导体材料的电性特点介于导体材料如金属、金属合金与绝缘体陶瓷材料和聚合体材料之间；Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors viz. metals and metal alloys and insulators viz. ceramics a
4、nd polymers . 4、生物材料不能产生毒性,并且不许与人体组织相互兼容；Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues. Unit4 ：相转变温度 比重热导率 熔点重力加速度 磁导率1. 物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面,密度比水大时将下沉；类似第,比重小于 1 的物体将漂浮,比重大于 1 的物体将下沉；2. 使磁力线相互分开,导致磁通量比真空小,这种材料被称为反磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 1 小于或等于 10 的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对
5、磁导率大于 10 的材料被称为铁磁性材料；3. 某些铁电材料,特殊是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金,他们的相对磁导率可以大到 1000000；反磁性材料的磁导率小于 1 但是相对磁导率远远小于 1 的物质仍没有被发觉；名师归纳总结 4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时,磁感应强度是空气芯时的r 倍；第 1 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Relative density boling point magnetic induction Thermal conduction glass transition temperature
6、nonferrous metal 1. 化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质；Chemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one. 2. 相变是一种物理性质, 并且物质存在四种相： 固相、液相、气相和等离子体； Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and pla
7、sma. 3. 当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子任然连接在分子链上,从而形成 一种松软和柔顺性材料；Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material. 5. 在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是肯定值表示；In engineering ap
8、plications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility Unit7 ：2 英译汉 导带 碱金属 原子半径 轨道能量重叠 离子晶格 固溶体1. 化学上,金属被定义为这样一种元素：简洁失去电子形成正离子、简洁和其他金属原子 形成金属键；2. 金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要缘
9、由；3. 共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变,因此导致了晶体破裂；4. 为一些高性能场合应用,如喷气式发动机,特殊设计的合金可以包含 10 种以上元素；汉译英 3 delocalized electrons electrical structure alkali-earth metals electro chemical cell nuclear charge electrical conductivity 1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格；Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surro
10、unded by a cloud of delocalized electrons. 2、通常地,金属具有良好的导电性和导热性,具有金属光泽,密度较大,并且具有在压力 下变形而不会断裂的才能；Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
11、 - - 3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物,其中主要组分为金属；An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal. 4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以转变纯金属的性质,从而产生所需要的性能；Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteri
12、stics. Unit10 ：原材料的提纯 长链烷烃玻璃烧杯 粘性液体火花塞绝缘子 玻璃陶瓷电脑帮助过程掌握 外表分析方法1. 我们将注视几个性质,会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊；2. 高温下 高于玻璃化转变温度 ,玻璃不再表现出脆性行为,而是表现得像粘性液体一样；3. 它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学 磁学性能；4. 尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了 25000 多年,先进陶瓷仅仅是近 100 年内进展起来的；Glass transition temperature covalent ionic bonding Stress distribution
13、thermal expansion coefficient Glass fiber materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells electron microscope 1. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials. 2. Ceramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals ha
14、ve comparable tensile and compressive strengths. 3.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property. 4. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properti
15、es. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Unit13 ：聚合物合成 自然聚合物材料单体特性 生物合成链长 连续 余辉 长度1. 尽管聚合物在通用意义上一般指塑料,这个术语实际上也包含一大类自然和合成材料,这些材料有不同的性质和用途；2. 聚合物的合成是一个将很多被称为单体的小分子以共价键结合成分子链的过程；3. 接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成,特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子外形、刷子外形；4. 一些生物型聚合物由很多不同但结构相近的单体组成,如多聚核苷酸由核苷单体组成；Persistent l
16、ength cross bonding Polar monomer nucleic acid Polymerization polyelectrolyte 1. Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques. 2.Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but
17、structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits. 3. A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network. 4. In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed is terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the num
18、ber of monomer units which comprise the polymer. Unit16 ：工程材料 生成的材料增强混凝土 金属基复合材料陶瓷基复合材料 三明治结构1. 例如,多相金属在微观层次上是复合材料,但广义上讲,复合材料这个术语,指的是两个或多个不同材料之间依靠机械力结合而形成的材料；名师归纳总结 2.很多情形下,复合材料有一个本相：它是连续的,叫做基体,仍有一个分散的、不连续第 4 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 相,叫做增强相；3.先进复合材料是树脂和纤维的结合,通常是碳纤维 /石墨、凯夫拉纤维、 玻璃
19、纤维和树脂；纤维供应高刚度,四周的聚合物树脂基体将整个结构固定起来；4. 假如复合材料被正确地设计和加工,它具备增强体的强度、基体的韧性,获得所需要的 结合的性质,这种性质是任何传统单一材料所不具备的；Composite materials reinforced materials Glass fiber matrix materials Strengthening mechanism traditional materials 1.A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any
20、 of the components acting alone. 2.Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff. Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable. 3.From the concept of composites, reinforced plastic, metal-matrix composite, ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc, are all composites. 4.In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load bearing component. Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页