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1、精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载01 The Language of MusicA painterhangs his orherfinished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.Professionalsingersand playershave greatresponsibilities, for the compose
2、r is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needsas long and as arduous a trainingto becomea performeras a medicalstudent needs tobecomea doctor.Most trainingisconcernedwithtechnique,for musicianshave to have the muscularproficiencyofan athleteor a ballet dancer.Singerspracticebreathingevery
3、day,as theirvocalchords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String playerspractice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawingthebow toand frowiththerightarmtwo entirelydifferentmovements.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in t
4、une. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes arealready there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tunersresponsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each
5、 overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no us
6、e unless it is combined with musical knowledgeand understanding.Greatartistsarethosewho are so thoroughlyathome in the language ofmusic thattheycan enjoy performing works written inany century.2 Schooling and EducationItiscommonly believedinUnitedStatesthatschooliswhere people go to get an education
7、.Nevertheless,ithas been saidthattoday children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction betweenschooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whet
8、her in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includesboth the formallearningthattakesplace in schoolsand the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a childto a d
9、istinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chanceconversation with a stran
10、germay lead aperson to discoverhow little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancyon. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelongprocess, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of ones ent
11、ire life.Schooling,on the otherhand, isa specific,formalizedprocess,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughouta country,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythe sametime,take assignedseats,are taughtby an adult,use similartextbooks,do homework, take exams, and so on
12、. The slicesof realitythatare to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government,have usuallybeen limitedby theboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.For example, high schoolstudents know thatthere not likelyto find out intheirclassesthe truthabout politicalprobl
13、ems intheircommunities or what thenewest filmmakersare experimentingwith.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.3 The Definition of“Price ”Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited
14、supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is acomplex network composedof the pricesof allthe productsbought and sold inthe economy as wellas thoseofa myriadofservices,includinglabor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. Theinterrelationshipsof allt
15、hese pricesmakeup the“system” ofprices.The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad,complicatedsystem ofpricesinwhich everythingseems todepend more or less upon everything else.Ifone were toask a group ofrandomly selectedindividualstodefine“price ”, many would reply that price
16、 is an amount of money paid by thebuyer tothesellerof a productor serviceor,inotherwords thatprice is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definitionis,of course, validas far asit goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transac
17、tion, muchmore than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but withthe amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made
18、, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that applyto the transaction,guaranteeson theproductor service,deliveryterms,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载return
19、 privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total“package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in orderthat they may evaluate a given price.4 ElectricityThe modern age isan age of electricity.People ar
20、e so used to electric lights,radio,televisions,and telephonesthatitishard to imaginewhat life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, peoplegrope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streetsbecause there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in sile
21、nt refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a littlemore than two centuriesago.Naturehas apparentlybeen experimentingin thisfieldformillionofyears.Scientistsare discoveringmore and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricitythat could b
22、enefit humanity.Alllivingcellsend out tinypulses of electricity.As the heartbeats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which adoctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain,too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an elect
23、roencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small often so small that sensitive instrumentsare needed torecordthem. But insomeanimals,certainmuscle cellshave become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work asmuscle cellsatall.Whenlargenumb
24、ers of these cellare linkedtogether, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a joltof as muchas eighthundred voltsof electricitythroughthe water inwhich it live. An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.As many as four-fifths of al
25、l the cells in the electric eels body arespecializedforgeneratingelectricity,and thestrengthoftheshock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.5 The Beginning of DramaThere are manytheoriesabout the beginningof drama inancientGreece.The on most widely accepted today is based on the
26、assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - -
27、-学习好资料欢迎下载-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought throughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknown and fearedpowers.Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained andrepeateduntilthey hardened intofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhich explainedor veiled
28、themysteriesofthe rites.As timepassed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persistedand provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costu
29、mes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did notparticipate,a cleardivisionwas usuallymadebetween theactingarea and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, sinceconsiderable importance was attached to
30、 avoiding mistakes in theenactment of rites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt orbattle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Even
31、tually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theaters origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales about the hunt, war, or other feats are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, actio
32、n, and dialogue by a narrator and then through theassumption of each ofthe roles bya different person.A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.6 TelevisionTelevision-the most pervasive an
33、d persuasive of moderntechnologies,marked by rapidchange and growth-ismoving intoa new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promisesto reshape our livesand our world.Itisan electronicrevolutionof sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologi
34、es.The word television, derived from its Greek tele: distant and Latin visio: sight roots, can literally be interpreted as sight froma distance.Very simplyput,itworks inthisway: througha sophisticatedsystem of electronics, television provides the capability of convertingan image focusedon a specialp
35、hotoconductiveplatewithina camera into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载impulses, when fed into a receiver tel
36、evision set, can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is ameans of expression, as well asa vehicle for communication, andas such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The fieldof televisioncan be di
37、videdintotwo categoriesdetermined by itsmeansoftransmission.First,thereisbroadcasttelevision,which reaches the massesthroughbroad-based airwavetransmissionof television signals.Second, thereisnonbroadcasttelevision,which providesforthe needs of individuals or specific interest groups through control
38、ledtransmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a mediumof the masses. Weare most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During thoseyears,ithas been controlled,forthe most part,by the broadcas
39、tnetworks, ABC, NBC,and CBS, who have been the major purveyorsof news, information, and entertainment.These giantsofbroadcastinghave actuallyshaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to lookupon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this d
40、ynamic medium as the passive viewer.7 Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie,known as the King ofSteel,builtthesteelindustry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiestmeninAmerica.Hissuccess resultedinpartfromhisabilitytoselltheproductand in partfrom hispolicyof expanding durin
41、gperiodsof economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believedthatindividualsshould progressthroughhard work, but he also feltstrongly thatthewealthy should usetheir fortunes forthe benefitof society.He opposed charity,preferringinsteadto provideeducation
42、alopportunitiesthatwould allowothersto help themselves.He who dies rich, dies disgraced, he often said.Amonghismore noteworthycontributionsto societyare those thatbear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has alibrary,a museumoffinearts,and a museumofnationalhistory.He als
43、o founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-MellonUniversity. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace to promote understanding between nations, the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎
44、下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -学习好资料欢迎下载Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegies generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars establis
45、hed 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.8 American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning ofthepoliticaland socialframework,such as lateroccurredinFrance and Russia
46、, when both were already independent nations. Significant changeswere ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During theconflictitselfpeople went on workingand praying,marryingand playing.Most of them were not seriouslydisturbedby the actualfighting,and many of the m