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1、大学英语四六级考试辅导,Proverbs,IcanbecauseIthinkIcan.我行，因为我相信我行！ Neversaydie.永不气馁! Neverputoffwhatyoucandotoday untiltomorrow.今日事今日毕。 Thebestpreparationfortomorrowis doingyourbesttoday.对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好！,Writing,完整性（completeness）； 统一性（unity）； 连贯性（coherence ）同一时态、逻辑顺序、连贯词、重复词、指代词. 主题句、关键词.,在作文的评分标准中字数也是一个要求。四、六
2、级的作文要求是要写出120150字。四、六级作文大都是三段式。如果我们在每一段中写上四句话，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右。每一句十多个词，这样就是120150字。同时，不能写得太多，写得多容易跑题。在写作时，我们要横向写作，即写某一问题的横段面。例如，上面健康的重要性，只写四句就可以了。第一句主题句，第二句从正面论述，第三句从反面论述，第四句为结论句。但有的同学在写的时候说“健康非常重要，”然后就写“吃波莱非常重要”，因为波菜含有丰富的铁，铁对人是非常重要的，因为 这样的作文的基本模式是ABBCCDDE以此类推。这就叫流水账，没有中心。我们写作时要根据横段面
3、去写，而不要写成流水账。避免写成流水账的方法是不要就前一句中的一个非重点词再进行描述。而要对主题句从横段面去写，写完一个横段面就不要再对这一横段面进行阐述了，应当去写另一个横段面。 如果我们感觉字数不够，就在每一句或某些句子上添加些词就行了。例如我们感觉上边第二段不够长，就可以这样来加词：,十二句作文法,主题句There are four ways to keep fit. - There are four or more ways to keep fit for every one of us.从几方面说明: First, we should have our breakfast in th
4、e morning. - Firstly, we should have our breakfast, such as milk, eggs, bread and so on, in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon. - Secondly, we should have a short nap, even 30 minutes, at noon. Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. - Thirdly, sports exercises are nec
5、essary for everyone and we can do some sports exercises in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music. - And fourthly, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to both popular and classic music. 这样以来，只要保持本句的主体不变加添一些次要词就能达到字数的规
6、定标准。,大学四级考试写作要求是文章切题（要求考生写的作文不跑题）、条理清楚（每段的议论正反清楚）、语言准确（语法、词汇使用正确，符合英语表达习惯）、字数符合要求（不少于120词）。 一、确保文章切题的两大技巧： 审题：这是看到作文题目后第一件要做的事情，也是很重要的一件事。审题要着重解决以下两个问题： 体裁：四级考题主要包括议论文、说明文和描述文三种体裁，就考试趋势来看，其作文不是单一的体裁而是多种体裁的综合体。,快速成文口诀和快速成文模式,确定主题句 主题句是写作不跑题的重要环节。四级考试多是提纲式作文，我们可以将中文提纲中的各句译成英语作为主题句。如上例各段主题句分别为： 1It is
7、very necessary to get to know the world outside 2There are several ways to get to know the world outside 3To me，I will take the following ways： 另外，有时提纲为简短的英文要求句，如上例也可以这样出题： 1Necessity of getting to know the world outside 2Ways to do it. 3My own practice 这是我们的对策是将其进行变换，使之成为主题句，扩展形式与前同。,二、确保条理清楚技巧： 1议
8、论文：正反论述要有条理。如上例第一段可以这样写：主题句(It is very necessary to get to know The world outside)+正面(Familiar with the world outside，we can)+反面(Otherwise，we will)。 2说明文：各列条要清楚。如上例第二段可以这样写：主题句(There are two ways to know the world)+举例(Firstly Secondly )注意：举例列条时最好选出很简洁的连词或副词，这样会使文章写得更有条有理。 3描述文：怎么做要有条理。如上例第三段可以这样写：主题
9、句(To me，I will take the following ways)+具体描述注意：主语要保持一致。,三、确保字数符合要求的快速成文口诀：横向写作正反论述主题不 变添非重点词。 1.横向写作：指围绕一个主题进行扩展，一段只有一个中心。四级作文多是三段式，可在每一段中采用“主题句+两三句扩展句+一句结论句”的模式。其中结论句多出现在议论文的体裁中。 2正、反论述。在实际考试时考生通常会由于紧张或平时积累不够而感觉无法对主题句进行充分的论证。这时就可采用正、反论述的方法快速成文。 3主题不变，添非重点词。若感觉字数仍不够，可在保持主题不变的情况下，添加一些非重点词。如上例第三段：,The
10、re are two ways (for us)to know the world outside (out of the campus)(主题句)Firstly，we may take the advantage of the media，such as reading the newspaper，(watching the television)，surfing on the internet and so on. (扩展句一)Secondly，its also good to take a parttime job，such as tutoring (or working for a s
11、oftware company) (扩展句二)(Any of these methods will enable us to get in touch with society)(结论句),1现象分析,解决问题型: 第一段：Its a common phenomenon thatWe often hear thatMore and more attention has been focused on the problem ofThe whole society should pay close attention to the problem of+问题The first reason is
12、 thatFirstly+理由一BesidesSecondly+理由二(或It brings not onlyIts results may be+后果一But alsoIt will also bring the changes to our society such as+后果二) 第二段：As the reasons above，we should do something such asWhen we think about it，we find three constructive solutionsFirst，People have figured out many ways to
13、 solve the problemFirstly+解决方法一We can alsoSecondSecondly+解决方法二+And finally+解决方法三 第三段：Personally，I believe thatIn my opinionI think thatTo meI will take the following ways to solve the problemIn my view+我的看法,快速成文模式,2. 正反观点对比型 第段：Some peopleperson holdthinkinsisttend to thinksay that+观点They point outb
14、elieve that+理由一SecondlyAdditionally+理由二 第二段：On the contraryHowever，Other people hold the view+观点二They argue that+理由一Whats more +理由二 第三段：In my opinionSo far as I am concernedI thinkAs for me+我的观点The reason is that+理由一。 And also十理由 So+结论,道理论证型 第一段：People believe in the proverb+谚语owing to the moral it
15、teaches；+谚语内涵 第二段：An example of this case isExamples can be easily found to make a case for this proverb+举例 第三段：In a word+结论,图表题 第一段：As we can see fromAccording toAs shown in the chartgraphdiagram，there is a minimals1ightsmallsteepdramaticrapid suddensteadyslowgradualsharp increase risedecreasedecli
16、nefluctuationreductiondroop of+图表描述对象 第二段：There are three mainly reasons responsible for this instanceFor one thing+理由一。For another+理由二The last but not the least thing is that+理由三 第三段：Although this graphcharttablediagram may not predict the entire situation in the future，I believe+预测。或To solve this
17、problem，there are a lot of things for us to do+建议,I. Should Education Be Commercialized? l. 近些年社会上出现了教育商业化的趋势 2. 有些人认为教育可以也应该商业化，有些人则持相反意见 3. 我的看法,With the fast development of economy, there is a tendency that education is becoming commercialized. People begin to associate education with money and b
18、elieve that education can bring profit.,命题作文示例,Different people hold different attitudes towards this phenomenon. Some people think that education should be Commercialized because in market economy everything should be connected with money, otherwise, it cant catch the development of society and wil
19、l lag behind. On the contrary, some people are against this opinion. They think that the function of education is just to educate young people, help them gain knowledge and help them grow in the right way. If education becomes materialized, it might be misleading.,In my opinion, education should kee
20、p its original principle, that is, to educate people. Too much commercialization in education can be harmful to the individuals and the society in the long run.,II. The Long Holidays 1长假给大学生带来的好处 2长假可能给大学生带来的问题 3我应当怎样过好长假,The long holidays will do good to college students. Firstly, they may take thi
21、s opportunity to go for a travel or do something they like so that they can have a good rest in the middle of the term. Secondly, they can choose to take some short training courses to enlarge their knowledge. Thirdly, they may also choose to take a part-time job to get working experiences.,The long
22、 holidays can bring some problems as well. For example, there might be safety problems when students travel home or other places. And long holidays cost students a lot of extra money. Moreover, study might be affected during and after the holidays. This is how I am going to spend the long holidays.
23、I will first have a good rest, then try to entertain myself by novels and music. For the rest of the holidays, I want to review what I have learned while helping my parents do some housework.,III. Income Gap 1现今，国内收入差距越来越大 2产生这种现象的原因 3我的看法,There has been a heated discussion over the growing income g
24、ap nowadays. This is a huge social issue in China and even around the world.,I think there are at least two reasons mainly responsible for this phenomenon. First, the economic development in China is unbalanced. There is a big gap between the development of different regions, and the same difference
25、 remains between cities and the rural areas. Secondly, the education backgrounds differ much among Chinese citizens. People have access to higher education to get far more salary than those less educated. Considering these situations, I think the government should focus more on the economic developm
26、ent of the underdeveloped areas. And at the same time, education should be made more accessible to everyone.,(WTO),英语常见错误,语句与篇章,英语写作常见错误,一不一致（Disagreements） 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等 例Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto. (人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么) 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has;同理，want应改为wants.
27、本句是典型的主谓不一致 改为：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo) 二修饰语错位（MisplacedModifiers） 英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例. IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末,英语写作常见错误,三句子不完整（SentenceFragments） 在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完
28、全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生 例Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon. 剖析：本句后半部分forexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句 改为：Therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample, byTV,radio,andnewspaper.,英语写作常见错误,四悬垂修饰语（Dan
29、glingModifiers） 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清例如：Attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied.这句中“attheageoften”只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是mygrandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了 改为： WhenIwasten,mygrandfatherdied. 例 Todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential. 剖析：句中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚 改为： Todowellincol
30、lege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.,英语写作常见错误,五词性误用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech) “词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等 例 Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney. 剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。 改为： Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.,英语写作常见错误,六指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句： Marywasfr
31、iendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid. (玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。) 读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为： Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid. 例Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
32、改为： Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.,英语写作常见错误,七 串句 (Run-on Sentences) 什么叫run-on sentence? 请看下面的例句。There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.” 简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。应该改为：,There are many ways for us to learn about
33、 the outside world. 或There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.,英语写作常见错误,八措词毛病(Troubles in Diction) Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，由于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例如：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in
34、 agriculture also makes pollution. 显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物” 误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use ” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。应该改为：,The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.,英语写作常见错误,九 累赘(Redundancy) 言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：
35、In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 再如 For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 整个句子可以大大简化。改为：,Diligent, caring people use mon
36、ey only to buy what they need.,英语写作常见错误,十 不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是学生常犯的毛病。再如：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。应改为：,Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.,Fast reading,快速阅读测试的是考生在有限的时间内利用s
37、kimming 和scanning的能力,掌握阅读材料的大意,并根据其后的问题找到相关事实和细节进行答题. 要求:15分钟阅读1000词的英语文章,并回答10个问题.1-7题为Y, N, NG是非判断题,8-10为填空题,总的解题思路: 1.通读文章开头,结尾及各个小标题或每段的第1,2句和最后一句,从而弄清文章的结构和大意 2.正确理解题目所表达的内容,找出关键词语,确定题眼.特别注意人物,时间,地点,数字等信息 3.将题眼内容与文章各部分小标题的内容对比,大概定位该题在哪个部分提及 4.阅读相关部分内容,准确定位有关信息.对于是非判断题,对照原文与题目,特别注意原文与题目中句式的变化,确定
38、题目的陈述准确与否,对于句子填空题,分析空白处需填入的词性,再对照原文,找到相关答案.,命题规律1: 寻找与数字相关的细节 技巧:借助题目中的数字定位信息源.数字在文章中通常以阿拉伯数字形式出现,显得比较突出,可以根据数字定位相关信息 如:Q: The internet was created in the 1990s.,命题规律2: 寻找与人名,地名等专有名词相关的细节 技巧:借助题目寻找与人名,地名等专有名词定位信息源.这类专有名词都以大写字母开头,显得比较突出,容易寻找.因此可以将人名,地名等专有名词作为题眼定位相关信息 如:Q: The No-aircraft-Noise Party
39、is only popular in the city.,命题规律3: 寻找事物的性质特点或对比关系 技巧:借助题目中形容词.副词或其比较级,最高级定位信息源.如果题目要求确定某个事物的范围,程度或对比关系,那么形容词.副词或其比较级,最高级就可以成为该题的题眼.根据题眼先在原文定位信息源,在对比原文与题目的的陈述,从而判断正误 如:Q: Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.,命题规律4: 题目中含有特殊印刷体或标点符号 技巧:借助特殊印刷体或标点符号定位信息源.特殊印刷体包括大写,特殊标点如括号,双引号等,比较显眼容易定位. 如:Q: The “hom
40、e page” is the first screen of a Web site on the “Net”.,是非判断题解题技巧1: Yes题是原文的同义表达 技巧:一般来说，题目很少照搬原文,多数是用同义词或近义词改写,或把主动结构改成被动结构.这种题答案为Y. 是非判断题解题技巧2: Yes题是原文的正确推断或概括 技巧:如果题目是对原文的某个段落或几句话表达的观点进行推断、归纳或总结而得出的.这种题答案为Y.,是非判断题解题技巧,是非判断题解题技巧3: No题与原文相反 技巧:如果题目的用词或结构与原文的意义相反，如反义词、反义结构,not+同义词等.这种题答案为N.如:,The pu
41、rpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose(腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way t
42、hat it will decompose quickly. Q: Landfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.,like compost piles,not like a compost piles,是非判断题解题技巧4: No题将原文信息张冠李戴 技巧:如果题目将原文中相邻信息或并列信息的条件、主语谓语或宾语等互换,造成信息张冠李戴.这种题答案为N.,是非判断题解题技巧5: No题省去原文中表达不确定的一些词 技巧:如果题目将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作
43、为正确的或客观的来表述,常出现fact, prove等词.这种题答案为N.,是非判断题解题技巧6: No题改变了原文的条件,范围，频率,可能性等 技巧:如果题目改变了原文的从句,包括增加,减少或修改,使题目表示的条件,目的,时间，方式等与原文不同,1)原文中某些命题或观点是在一定条件下才成立的，而题目舍弃了这些条件,直接提出命题或表明观点;2)或原文提到两个或多个情况都可以(常有bothand, and, or及also等词),题目是 “必须”或 “只有”其中一个情况。3)题目也可能改动原文的形容词,副词如many ,sometimes,unlikely等,常用all,usually, alw
44、ays,impossible等词代替. 这种题答案为N.,是非判断题解题技巧7: NG题将原文具体化或以个别代替整体技巧:如果题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围,也就是更具体；或题目将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象.这种题答案为NG. Note:判断是非题一定要以文章为唯一判断依据。如果根据常识判断题目的陈述是Y或N,但文章没有提及,则答案是NG.,是非判断题解题技巧8 : NG题省去原文中表达不确定的一些词技巧:如果题目将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作为正确的或客观的来表述,常出现fact, prove等词.这种题答案为NG.,是非判断题解题技巧9 : NG题随意比较 技巧:如果原文
45、提及若干事物,但是没有作出比较,或题目中对这些事物进行了比较，但无从考证.这种题答案为NG. 如:The labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interest of the common working manThe Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure a fair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to
46、create itJust how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth is, however, less well understood. Q:The Liberal Party was formed after the Labor Party.,是非判断题解题技巧10 : NG题指虚为实 技巧:如果原文中作者或某个人物的目标，目的，愿望，誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述（通常文中相关句子里会aim,purpose, promise, swear , vow等词，题目中则省去这些词）.这种题答案为NG. 如:D
47、avid promised he would never come back. Q: David never came back.,句子填空题解题技巧 : 考查综合能力 技巧:遵循以下步骤： 1)仔细阅读所给出的不完整句子，理解其含义 2)将给出部分进行语法分析和判断，确定未给出部分的语法功能和词性，是主语,谓语,宾语还是状语,是名词,动名词,代词,形容词还是动词,副词,介词,连词等. 3)找出给出部分的关键词,一确定该题所需信息在原文中的准确位置.特别是题目中的人名地名,时间,数字等 4)在原文中的相关部分选取题目缺失内容,即答案. 绝大部分答案来自原文原词,个别的可能要对原文的单词或结构做
48、出部分改动,或用自己的语言表述. NOTE:注意语态,时态,名词的数,非谓语动词等.,其他技巧: 1)通过文章开头段和各个小标题做判断主旨大意题,此类题只能是Y或N. 2)出题有顺序.因此,准确定位前一题后,便可顺着原文找到下一题的出处.但是,是非判断题7与填空题8之间不一定有顺序。 3)题目中的生词可以成为找到定位信息源的工具.命题者只是照搬该生词到题目里面,因此生词就是题目的题眼,只要在原文中找到这些生词,相关信息就能找到.如:Q: The platypus frog became extinct by 1991. 4)区分N与NG: 题目描述内容与原文的相关内容明显矛盾,相反或不符,则答
49、案为N; 题目与原文之间是一种或然关系,即题目内容可能发生也可能不发生,根据原文难以求证是哪种可能性,则答案为NG.,Part III Listening Comprehension,一.对话部分听力技巧 二.短文部分听力技巧 三.复合式听写听力技巧,1.形式：每题一组对话，通常是一男一女的对话，一般为两句。对话后有一问题，语速为120词/分。每个问句间间隔15秒。,2.选材原则。A.为日常生活中的一般对话，句子结构和内容不太复杂。 B.所用词语不超出大纲规定的范围,3.出题形式,一.对话部分听力技巧,1).固定搭配。指动词短语、介词短语等的固定搭配。常出现在对话和短文部分。如不知其固定用法，即便听清楚了单词，也不能理解其意思。如：,W: I must go now, my father doesnt allow me to go back later than 9:30.,M:Youd better call him to drive you back. Its raining