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1、-简易英语语法总结-第 13 页语法知识1 句子结构1.句子结构：主+谓+宾 / 主+谓 /谓+宾一个句子中只能有一个谓语。如果一个句子含有两个及以上谓语肯定就是错的句子，自己写作时需谨记。阅读时，分析难句可从谓语入手，因为它只有一个，好找。从句也是句子，所以可包含谓语，但它是属于从句的谓语，与主句不同谓语不同，也就是说主句中的谓语还是仅有一个。2.主语的引导词不能省，宾语的可以省。2 非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和独立主格。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。1 不定式1) 一般式。同时发生或将要发生。He seems to know this
2、.（同时）I hope to see you again.（将要）2) 完成式。已经发生。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.（发生在sorry之前）He seems to have caught a cold.（发生在seems之前）3) 进行式。正在进行。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行式。已经发生且一直进行He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.1.1 不定式做表语表将来，用于命令、要求等。You are always to knock
3、 before you enter my room.2 动名词动名词格式：动词原形+ing动名词和现在分词区别：1）现在分词作定语、表语、状语。起形容词、副词作用。有时也用在复合结构中。不能做主语，一看到是主语成分，必定是动名词。一般可翻译成“的”的意思。2）动名词作主语、宾语、表语。起名词作用。单独用或动名词短语。表示抽象的一般行为。3 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词：动词原形+ing；过去分词：动词原形+ed。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。具体方式参见上文动名词中的“动名词和现在分词区别”。过去分词和过去式区别：过去分词充当副词、形容词，是非谓语；过去式充当动词，是谓语。过去分词：
4、Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention,the plants could grow better.过去式：The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself.4 独立主格Yet, the case Schwartz makes for a correlation between our emotional state and what he calls the “tyranny of choice” is compel
5、ling, the implication disturbing.分析：1）后置定语；2）独立主格结构翻译：Schwartz用事例说明感情状态和他所说的“残酷的选择”之间的相关性，然而这个事例是令人震撼的，其含义是令人烦扰的。3)名词/代词 与后面的词是主谓关系4 疑问句分为：一般、特殊、选择和反意疑问句。1 一般疑问句 “你是吗?”,“你做了吗?”。 一、把be动词、情态动词、助动词do调到句首。 陈述句:They are in the swimming pool. 一般疑问句:Are they in the swimming pool? 陈述句:He can drive a car. 一般
6、疑问句: Can he drive a car? 一般动词的一般疑问句,也要借助助动词do/does,第三人称单数用does,其余人称用do。其句型为:Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形+其它。 陈述句:Tommy has a computer. 一般疑问句:Dose Tommy have a computer? 陈述句:Amy speaks English. 一般疑问句:Does Amy speak English?2 特殊疑问句以特殊疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：（代词）what 、who 、whose 、which 、（副词）when 、where
7、 、how 、why等。有以下两种格式：1）疑问词作主语或主语的定语。语序是陈述句。Who is singing in the roomwhose bike is broken2）其他成分。语序是：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句【be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语（+其他）】What class are you inWhat does she look like3 选择疑问句以一般疑问句为基础，增加多个可选的答案。Would you like a gin，or a whisky，or a beer?4 反意疑问句它表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实。有两种格式。1）陈述部分肯定句+疑问部分否定句
8、（可记为前肯后否）.例：They work hard, dont they?Lets go to the supermarket ,shall we?2）陈述部分否定句+疑问部分肯定句（可记为前否后肯）.例：You didnt go, did you?5 虚拟语气英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，表可能或不可能发生的情况。1 条件句中的虚拟语气1.条件句中虚拟语气的形式时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式(be用were)should +动词原形were to +动词原形would / should / might / could +
9、动词原形现在动词过去式(be用were)would / should / might / could +动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / could have +动词过去分词举例：(1)将来。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. (2)现在。如：If he were free, he would help us. If he
10、studied at this school, he would know you well. (3)过去。如：If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 须注意问题：(1)主从句动作不同时发生。从句与过去相反，主句与现在或将来相反。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 从句与现在相反，主句与过去相反。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. (2)当虚拟条件句的谓语含
11、有 were, should, had 时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：原句：if she were here, she would agree with us. 省略句：Were she here, she would agree with us. (3)须通过上下文来判断。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, we would be working now. (4)主从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的强烈感情。省略从句。He would have
12、 finished it. 省略主句。If I were at home now. 2.目的状语从句 虚拟语气(1)在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略。She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. (2)在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would /
13、 should + 动词原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 3.让步状语从句 虚拟语气(1)在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. (2)在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter
14、what 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen.may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. (3)在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although / Though he s
15、hould often be late, he is a good student. 4.原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should + 动词原形 (指现在或将来)。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. should + 完成式, 指过去。如：Im very sorry th
16、at you should have failed the exam.5. 表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气含有请求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish时，在表语从句或同位语从句中，须用虚拟语气。结构为：(should)+ 动词原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. He to
17、ld us his idea that he should go to university. 6 倒装和省略表强调。包括部分倒装和完全倒装。完全倒装，即全部谓语置于主语前；部分倒装，即部分辅助词谓语置于主语前。例：1. 完全倒装1. There was a drop in the temperature.原句：temperature was drop.2. Out rushed a young lady.原句：A young lady out rushed.3. There is no universally accepted definition of what a developing
18、country is;neither is there one of what constitutes the process of economic development.one：指代universally accepted definition，普遍接受的定义4. In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species.the case:指代individuals are equipped with instincts，个体装载
19、着本能。5. A make better B than do Cdo C：倒转，正常为：C make B，其中do为省略指代make B6. With marriage come instruction and admonition, appropriate to the occasion, from elder relatives and, int more advanced cultures, from priests.主语：instruction and admonition. 指导和忠告谓语：come宾语：with marriage.用倒装，是为了强调with marriage.app
20、ropriate：形容词当状语1）from elder relatives and, int more advanced cultures：插入语, 2）from priests.2. 部分倒装Only in this way can you solve this problem.原句：In this way you can solve this problem.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.原句：After I got home it began to rain sooner.3. 省略1. Cancer is said to
21、be malignant because of its tendency to cause death if not treated.省略：if it is not treated.12 定语从句A Boston police officer who was shot in the face by a man during a traffic stop was improving after hours of surgery during which a bullet was removed from his neck, officials said on Sunday.during修饰hou
22、rswhich修饰surgery11 As用法4）Yet, tempting as it is to blow the Buffet billions on bolstering these programs, research also has a claim on the pot.解析：5）Nermeroff found that people draw the germs of their lovers as less scary-looking than those of enemies, and they say those germs would make them less il
23、l.解析：7）not so much . as .与其说，不如说 = 不是，而是例1：The distinction between A and B is not so much C as D.A与B的差别与其说是C，不如说是D。12 主谓一致主语单数、复数，谓语也要对应的单数、复数形式。1）常规型She is beautiful.They are workers.2）两个并列主语，谓语要用复数：He and She are going inside.但是，如果并列的主语表示一个整体概念时，谓语就用单数：Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.
24、Bread and butter：表示一个整体概念，抹上奶油的面包。3）介词连接主语with：谓语与前一个一致He with they is going inside.either.or., neither.nor：谓语与后一个一致Either he or They are going inside.as well as：谓语与前一个一致He as well as They is good person.他和他们一样都是好人。4）集体名词集体名词表示一个集体时，谓语用单数；集体名词表示每个个体时，谓语用复数Police is a honor career. 警察是一个光荣的职业。The pol
25、ice are searching for two bandits. 警察正在搜查两个匪徒。5）表示“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”的名词复数做主语表示“时间”、“金钱”、“距离”的名词复数做主语，谓语用单数Five minutes is enough.15 杂项1 情态动词、助动词情态动词、助动词 + V原形。1）情态动词can (could)、may (might)、 must(must)、need、dare(dared)、will(would)、shall(should)、have(to)、had better。2）助动词（1）be类助动词： am，is， was，are，were，be，b
26、een，being。（2）have类助动词：have， has， had，having。（3）will类助动词：will，would，shall，should。（4）do类助动词：do，does，did。2 have been /has been1) have been与表示职业的名词连用，用来询问或说明某人所从事的职业。例如： Have you ever been a teacher ? 你曾经当过教师吗？2) have been后接形容词，表示某种行为或状态。此时和表示时间的短语how long, for或since等连用时，则表示这种状态持续的时间。例如： The shop has be
27、en open . 这家商店营业了。 How long has this factory been open ? 这家工厂开工多久了？ We have been slow to develop the science发展这一学科，我们一直是缓慢的。3）have been 可以和表示地点的介词短语连用，可以表示相当于汉语中的“去过”、“来”、“到”、“在”等不同动词的意思。和how long , for ,since等表示时间的短语连用后，表示这种状态的持续时间。例如： Have you been to Beijing ? 你去过北京吗？(不在北京问）4)have been可以与away, ba
28、ck, in, on, out, over等小品词连用，相当于一个表示动作动词的现在完成时的用法，表示某种状态。 Tom has been away (for a week). 汤姆离开（一周）了。 5) have been后接动词的现在分词，为现在完成进行时 He has been working in that factory for five years. 他在这工厂工作五年了。（现在是否仍在该工厂工作，视上下文而定。）6) have been +及物动词的过去分词，为现在完成时被动语态的形式，表示一个已完成的被动动作。例如： The moon has been visited by h
29、uman being already. 月亮已经被人类访问过了。3 could和can的区别1、 can 表示现在的能力，could 表示过去的能力，例如：He can speak a little English now. She could play the piano when she was five. 2、在表示请求许可时，没有时间区别，在语气上could 更加委婉客气，can的可能性更大，例如： Can I use your pen ? Could I have a look at your book ?4 同位语 和定语 区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news
30、,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句。定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释, 与先行词同义，属于名词性从句的范畴。有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。例：The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased
31、everybody同位语从句。（that只起连接作用）The fact that (/which) we talked about is very important定语从句。（that在从句中作about的宾语）5 which与that区别1. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. what D. whether 答案：B2. The other day, my brother drove his car down the stre
32、et at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that 答案：B3. Luckily,wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. A. it B. that C. this D. which 答案：D6 并列句并列连词：and, or, but , so .通用结构：A, B, and C或者 A, B and C极少数结构：A, B 中间不用连词。7 引述他人说话He said “I am fine!”.He said, “I
33、am fine!”“I am fine!”, He said.8 日期表示突尼斯时间2015年3月18日星期三，在突尼斯首都发生爆炸案。There was a bomb attack in Tunisias capital, Wednesday, March 18, 2015 in Tunis.英语日期格式：1） 月日,年2） 星期，月日,年小地方，大地方，星期，月日，年：in Lausanne, Switzerland, Thursday, March 19, 2015.9. 名词复数一般加s,es，少数的自身单词发生变化：man-men, foot-feet抽象名词，复数为本身，只有转为具
34、体对象时才要加s或es16 难句解析1 1The presidents decision a year ago to allow research on already existing stem cell lines was portrayed as a reasonable compromise between scientists needs for cells to work with, and concerns that this kind of research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human em
35、bryos, cloned infants and a general contempt for human life.解析：The presidents decision 【(a year ago) (to allow research) (on already existing stem cell lines)】 was portrayed 【as a reasonable compromise (between 1)scientists needs for cells , and 2)concerns that (this kind of research could lead to 1
36、)wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and 2)a general contempt for human life.)】主干句：总统的决定被描述为一个合理的折衷。展开：一方面科学家需要利用细胞进行研究，另一方面这种研究又会导致大批量的人类胚胎、克隆婴儿被随意制造和毁灭，甚至发展成为对人类生命的普遍蔑视。基于以上两方面的折衷考虑，总统于一年前做了决定，允许已经存在的干细胞系的研究。语法详析：(a year ago)：时间状语(to allow research)：介词短语，充当decision的
37、定语(on already existing stem cell lines)：介词短语，充当research的定语was portrayed：谓语as a reasonable compromise：as引导的介词短语，充当状语between，and：并列结构for cells ：复合介词短语，充当needs同位语that(this kind of research. )：充当concerns同位语this kind of research could lead ：为虚拟语气的主句1)wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, c
38、loned infants and 2)a general contempt for human life.：为复合并列句。 最外层wholesale. 与a general.并列；creation 与 destruction并列；human embryos与cloned infants并列，human embryos与cloned infants的并列，中间没有连词，是一种不常见的并列写法。2. Neither of the two healthcare workers brought back Wednesday has tested positive for Ebola, but the
39、y are being monitored 【because they might have been exposed to a colleague who has contracted it.】3.Any invitation is a matter for 1)congressional leaders and 2)Abe (that) cuts a controversial figure, given what critics see as his attempts to water down past statements about the behavior of Japans I
40、mperial Army in World War Two.cuts a controversial figure:形成有争议的形象。cut：削减成given what critics see as：让评论家们看到.4.Byrd lived just 200 yards from the spot in a wooded area off a dirt road (that ran behind his house).5.递进动作并列The shots struck White in the chest, face and thigh, grazed a bystanders arm, and
41、 hit the third TSA agent in the arm, Normand said.解析：The shots 1）struck White in the chest, face and thigh, 2）grazed a bystanders arm, and 3）hit the third TSA agent in the arm, Normand said.6.Police are investigating allegations Kappa Delta Rho fraternity members used two secret Facebook pages to po
42、st photos of nude females, some of whom appeared to be sleeping or passed out, as well as posts relating to hazing or drug deals.解析：Police are investigating allegations Kappa Delta Rho fraternity members （used two secret Facebook pages to post 1）photos of nude females, some of whom appeared to be sl
43、eeping or passed out, as well as 2）posts relating to hazing or drug deals）7.Yemens embattled president fled his palace in Aden for an undisclosed location Wednesday as Shiite rebels offered cash bounty for his capture and arrested his defense minister.解析：Yemens embattled president fled his palace in
44、 Aden for an undisclosed location Wednesday 【as Shiite rebels 1）offered cash bounty (for his capture) and 2）arrested his defense minister.】周三，也门被围困的总统逃出亚丁宫殿到一个没有被包围的地方。.as：引导时间状语从句。8.His lawyers opened the trial early this month by bluntly admitting the defendant committed all the crimes of which he
45、 is accused, but contending Tamerlan was the driving force behind the attack with Dzhokhar going along out of a sense of subservience.解析：His lawyers opened the trial (early this month) by bluntly 1）admitting （that）【the defendant committed all the crimes （of which he is accused）】, but 2）contending（th
46、at） Tamerlan was the driving force behind the attack with Dzhokhar 【going along out of a sense of subservience.】9Republicans muscled a balanced-budget plan through the Senate early Friday, positioning Congress for months of battling President Barack Obama over the GOPs goals of slicing spending and dismantling his health care law.解析：Republicans muscled a balanced-budget plan through the Senate early Friday, 【positioning Congress for months of battling President Barack Obama over the GOPs goals of slicing spending and dism