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1、-现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别-第 19 页现在完成时现在完成时，表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed） 肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. He has finished it. They have worked it out.否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. He hasnt finished it. They have worked it ou
2、t.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasntHave they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I havent 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词（v-ed）+其他）Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产生的影响。He vi
3、sited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只是简单表明在过去某个时间in 1998去过桂林这一事实，除此以外别无其他)主语动词的过去式（肯定式）He did it. We hoped to go there.主语did not 动词原形（否定式）He didnt do it. They werent there yesterday.Did主语动词的原形（疑问式）Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didnt第一种：对目前造成的影响；过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；Have you seen the film? （A）Di
4、d you see the film? （B）说明 你看过这部电影吗？（A）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（B）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。） The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（造成的结果是，Jill现在有了一台新电脑）Jill bought a new comp
5、uter.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别：第二种：过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）（live用现在完成时，表明“居住”的动作和现在发生了联系）He lived in Beijing for 8 years. （B）（live用过去式，表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去，与现在没有关系）说明他在北京住了8年。（A）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。句子中所用【时间
6、标志词语】的区别1、 一般过去时：通常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)； last night (week, month, year)；一段时间+ago(several days ago)、 two days ago、a week ago,；in 2002，(in 1990, in 1997，in July)等；just now, at that time/moment, then , long long ago例子：He was here yesterday.I got up at seven y
7、esterday morning.My mother didnt work yesterday afternoon.Did you have a good time last summer? My mother often went to work by taxi last year.When I was a student, I often listened to music.Three months ago, they were still students.2、现在完成时：现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（已经）, yet（已经）, just（刚）, bef
8、ore（之前）, recently（最近）, lately（近来），ever（曾经）等副词；其中already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中）He has already obtained（获得） a scholarship.他已经获得了奖学金。（already用在过去分词前）注意这些词的位置和用法非常重要！He has just had his meal他刚吃过饭。（just用在过去分词前）Have you ever been to Beijing？你曾经去过北京吗？（ever用在过去分词前）I havent seen much of him r
9、ecently (lately).我最近没太看到他。（用在否定句末）We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。（用在句末）Have they found the missing child yet？他们已经找到了那个丢失的孩子了吗？（用在否定或疑问句末） already和yet的用法辨析不论yet还是already,都可以表示“已经”的含义。一般两者都用于完成时的句子当中。already 即可用在句前部分也可用在句尾；yet一般用在句尾。already一般用于肯定句（表“已经）”；yet一般用于否定句或疑问句。Ive seen the film alr
10、eady. The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。He hasnt found his bike yet.他还没有找到他的自行车。（用在否定句末表“还”）Has she finished her homework yet？她已经做完作业了吗？（用在疑问句末表“已经”） lately 与 recently 用法辨析两者均可表示“最近”、“近来”。从使用的时态来看：两者都经常与完成时态连用。I have seen a lot of her lately recently. 我最近经常见到她。注：两者通常都不用于将来时， 若用于将来时则用“soon”。如：最近我们要
11、去巴黎。误：We will go to Paris lately recently.正：We will go to Paris soon.现在完成时的另一个用法：“从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。”这一用法常和一段时间连用：常与these days, this week, since+点时间, for+段时间等表示一段时间的状语连用。其中“ for +时间段” ，“ since +时间点” 。例如：We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市里已经生活了 40 多年。We have liv
12、ed in this city since 1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个城市里。（注：1958前没有in）Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗？ Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since I came here.（注：I came here是一个过去时，表示的是【过去的一个时间点】）几种特殊句型的区别：1）have been in; 2）have been to ; 3）have gone to 的用法 :1. have(has) been i
13、n 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如： Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。 They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。 2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示“现在已经不在那里了”。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： Ive just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去
14、过杭州吗？ Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。 另：have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如： Ive been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。 They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。 3. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示刚到某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？
15、He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。 4非延续性动词即瞬间动词不能用于“现在完成时一段时间的状语”的句型中。即这类瞬间动词有：come， go， start， leave， die， buy， finish， borrow等。例如：瞬间动词转化后动词瞬间动词转化后动词buyhavejoinbe in/be a member ofborrowkeepopenbe openput onwearcome be inbecomebeclosebe closeddie be deadbegin/ start be onfinish/end be overgo out b
16、e outleave/move be awayfall asleep（ill）be asleep （ill）arrivebe herecatch/get a coldhave a cold例如：下面的例句就是瞬间动词的过去式和带有持续时间的现在完成时使用变化。1、 We have had the book for three years. We bought the book three years ago.2、 He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago.3、 Xiao ming has been a s
17、oldier for half year. Xiao ming joined the army half year ago.4、 we have been students for eight years. We became students eight years ago.5、 The class has benn over gor ten minutes.6、 I hve kept the book since last week.I borrowed the book lasr week.7、 Mr.Black has been dead for three years. Mr.Bla
18、ckgied three years ago.8、 The film has been on for an hour. The film started an hour ago. She has worked for ten years.1、 She began to work ten years ago2、 She has worked since ten years ago.3、 It is ten years since she began to worked.4、 Ten years has passed since she began to work.汉语意思分别为：她已经工作了十年
19、了。她十年前就开始工作了。自十年前以来她就开始工作了。自她工作以来有十年了。自她开始工作以来十年已经过去了。过去分词的概念：规则动词的【过去分词】的构成：v+ed, 如work-worked；study-studied；finish-finished 不规则动词的过去分词构成(需要单独记忆)：如be-been；have-had；hear-heard；do-done动词的过去分词和动词的过去式不是一个概念：【过去分词】用于现在完成时态（另被动语态中也会用到），动词的过去式只能用于过去时。注意：不规则的动词过去分词和过去式有时候一样，有时候不一样；原形havedoseebe过去式haddidsaw
20、was/were过去分词haddoneseenbeen过去分词的变化规则： 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”： work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”：live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”：study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“
21、 ed ”： stop-stopped-stopped , drop-droppeddropped.特殊疑问句的提问：用when还是how long？He began to work ten years ago. _did he begin to work ?He has worked since ten years ago _has he worked?Mary has been ill for three days. _has she been ill?Mary was ill three days ago. _was Mary ill?Mary has been ill since th
22、ree days ago. _has Mary been ill?类型汉语原形过去式过去分词AB型能cancould/将要；会；好吗shallshould/将要；会；愿意；要willwould/可以；也许；可能maymight/AAA型 值（多少钱）；花费costcostcost切；剪；削；割cutcutcut打；撞；击中hithithit伤害；受伤；伤人感情hurthurthurt让letletlet必须；应当；必定是mustmustmust放；摆putputput放；安置setsetset关上；封/禁闭；合拢shutshutshut延伸；展开spreadspreadspread读；朗读re
23、adreadread /red/AAB型敲打；击打；打赢beatbeatbeatenABA型 变得；成为becomebecamebecome来；来到comecamecome跑/奔跑；（颜色）褪色runranrunABB型 拿来；带来；取来bringbroughtbrought买buyboughtbought想；认为；考虑thinkthoughtthought接/捉住;赶上;染上（疾病）catchcaughtcaught教书；教teachtaughttaught建筑；建立buildbuiltbuilt借（出）；把借给lendlentlent打发；派遣；送；邮寄sendsentsent度过；花费（
24、钱/时间）spendspentspent失去；丢失loselostlost粘住；钉住；坚持stickstuckstuck挖（洞、沟等）；掘digdugdug悬挂；吊着；把吊起hanghunghung感觉；觉得；摸；触feelfeltfelt保持；保存；继续不断keepkeptkept睡觉sleepsleptslept扫除；扫sweepsweptswept离开；把留下；剩下leaveleftleft嗅；闻到；发出（气味）smellsmeltsmelt拼写spellspeltspelt溢出；溅出；洒出spillspiltspilt放；搁laylaidlaid付钱；给报酬paypaidpaid说；讲
25、saysaidsaid卖；售sellsoldsold告诉；讲述；吩咐telltoldtold坐sitsatsat吐痰；吐唾沫spitspatspat站；立；起立；坐落；经受；持久standstoodstood懂得；明白；理解understandunderstoodunderstood燃烧/着火；使烧焦/晒黑burnburntburnt学；学习；学会learnlearntlearnt意思是；意指meanmeantmeant糟蹋；损坏；溺爱spoilspoiltspoilt梦；梦想dreamdreamtdreamt喂（养）；饲（养）feedfedfed遇见；见到meetmetmet领导；带领lea
26、dledled得到；具有；达到getgotgot发光；照耀；shineshoneshone获胜；赢得winwonwon有；吃/喝；进行/经受have / hashadhad制造；做；使得makemademade听见；听说；得知hearheardheard打架/仗；与打仗fightfoughtfought找到；发现；感到findfoundfound拿/抱；握住;举行holdheldheldABC型 是bewas/werebeen开始；着手beginbeganbegun喝；饮drinkdrankdrunk（钟/铃）响；打电话ringrangrung唱；唱歌singsangsung下沉；沉没sink
27、sanksunk游泳；游swimswamswum吹；刮风；吹气blowblewblown（鸟/飞机）飞；（人乘飞机）飞行；（旗子）飘动flyflewflown生长；发育；种植；变得growgrewgrown知道；了解；认识；懂得knowknewknown投；掷；扔throwthrewthrown绘画；绘制；拉；拖；提取（金钱）drawdrewdrawn给看；出示；显示showshowedshown打破；损坏；撕开breakbrokebroken偷；窃取stealstolestolen选择choosechosechosen忘记；忘掉forgetforgotforgotten原谅，谅解forgiv
28、eforgaveforgiven结冰freezefrozefrozen说；讲；谈话；发言speakspokespoken醒；醒来；叫醒wakewokewoken驾驶；开（车）；驱赶drivedrovedriven吃eatateeaten落（下）；降落; 倒fallfellfallen给；递给；付出；给予givegavegiven把藏起来；隐藏hidehidhidden骑（马/自行车）；乘车rideroderidden上升；上涨riseroserisen拿走；做；服（药）；乘坐；花费taketooktaken弄错mistakemistookmistaken（使）动摇；震动shakeshooksh
29、aken写；书写；写作；著述writewrotewritten是am / iswasbeen是arewerebeen做；干dodiddone去；走；变得；通往gowentgone躺；卧；平放；位于lielaylain看见/到；领会；拜会seesawseen穿；戴wearworeworn过去完成时过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?
30、肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+had not .特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词+其他）？基本用法（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如： By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。（2）表示由过去的某一时刻
31、开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如： I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如： Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a g
32、ood friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如： I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,
33、heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如： He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。（6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的例如： When I woke up, it had already stopped r
34、aining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如： After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。（7）动词think, want, hope,
35、mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。（8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc)time (that)等固定句型中。例如： Hardly had he begun to s
36、peak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。时间状语before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan过去完成时-语法判定1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ）
37、by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生
38、或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he wen
39、t to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao i
40、n the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时-语法区别一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，已过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已
41、经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调
42、过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当
43、两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.现在完成时专项练习一、 单项选择。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?A. already B.never C.ever D.st