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1、-直接引语与间接引语的用法-第 12 页直接引语与间接引语: 直接引语和间接引语在句中都作宾语。一字不漏地引述别人的话叫直接引语;用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语应注意以下问题: （1）间接引语的引述动词,除了常见的say，tell外,还有ask，add，admit，announce，argue，explain，insist，promise，repeat，reply，suggest，warn等表示说话的动词。这些动词后的宾语从句常用从属连词that引导,这种连词有时可以省略。但当引导词为who，what，which，when，where，how，why等词时，这些疑问代词
2、和疑问副词便不能省略。引述动词大多数可以不变,但有的必须变化,如:“Whats this? ”cried Dr. Sun.Dr.Sun asked in surprise what that was。时态变化的情况如果主句为过去的某种时态，则间接引语的时态应相应向前推一个时态，如下表所示：直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时过去完成时e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”Tim said she usually got up at six.蒂娜说她通常六点起
3、床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same p
4、lace tomorrow.”Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”Nell said that she had worked out that problem.内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”Bob
5、 told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)（2）时态不需要变化的几种情况一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。直接引语有确定的过去时间时。e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。只着眼于转
6、述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”The reporter said that the war is now still on.记者说战争依然在继续。Ch
7、arlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。e.g.Our English teacher said,“All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”Our English teacher told US that all work no pl
8、ay makes Jack a dull boy.我们的英语老师告诉我们只顾学习不休息，聪明的孩子也变傻。3指示代词的变化直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that，these改为those。e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)托比告诉我说那就是学校计算机中心。Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”Kerry to
9、ld me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)克里告诉我说那些照片是十年前拍的。注意：在说话者的当时、当地转述时，this，that不用改变。Nora said,“Ill take this book.”What did Nora say just now?She said she will take this book.4时间状语的变化直接引语间接引语now现在then那时today今天that day那天this evening今晚that evening那天晚上yesterday昨天the da
10、y before前天yesterday morning昨天上午the morning before前天早晨last night昨天晚上the night before前天晚上two days ago两天前two days before两天前next week下周the next weekthe following week第二周tomorrow明天the next daythe following day第二天the day before yesterday前天two days before两天前the day after tomorrow后天in two days timetwo days
11、after两天后e.g.Nell said,“Im now visiting China.”Nell said that she was then visiting China.内尔说她当时正访问中国。(now变为then)Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.丽贝卡问我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening变为that evening)Joanna said,“Professor Black
12、is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)特别提示在说话者的当时、当地转述时，所说的话在转述时还起作用，时间状语不变。e.g.Jimmy, well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.吉米，明天我们到夏威夷去旅行。What did Daddy say ju
13、st now, Mummy?妈妈，爸爸说什么？He said well take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.他说明天我们去夏威夷旅行。5地点状语的变化常见的地点状语变化是把here，变为there。另外over here应变为over there。e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.这个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。(here变为there)Roman told me,
14、“I just put all the things over here.”Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.罗曼告诉我他刚才把所有的东西都放在那边了。(over here变为over there)特别提示在说话者的当时、当地转述时，here，over here不用改变。e.g.Will you come here, Jim?吉姆请到这边来，好吗？What does Robert say?罗伯特刚才说什么？He asked if you will come here.他问你是否可以到这边来。6方向性动词的变
15、化在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring，come应变为take，go。e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.我的姐姐问我能否把椅子拿到楼上去。(bring变为take)Helen told me,“Id prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to
16、 the party that weekend.海伦告诉我她愿意让我那个周末去参加宴会。(come变为go)特别提示当某一地点成为说话者或听话者谈论的中心时，尽管远离双方，在间接引语中依然用bring，come。e.g.Lisa said that shed like me to come to the party.丽莎说她愿意让我去参加宴会。(the party为说话的中心)Terence asked me if I could bring my DV Camera on the trip.特伦斯问我旅行时是否可以带着数码摄像机。(the trip为说话的中心)(三)不同句式的直接引语怎样转
17、换为间接引语人们在说话时常用四种不同的句式，即陈述句式、疑问句式、祈使句式和感叹句式，在转述这些不同的内容时应运用不同的句式。1陈述句将直接引语中的陈述句转化为间接引语时变成由that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。主句引述动词主要为say(说)，tell(告诉)，repeat(重复)，answer(答道)，reply(答道)，explain(解释说)，think(认为)，believe(坚信)，suggest(建议)，advise(建议)等。e.g.Chad said,“Im going to take up literature this term.”Chad said (that) h
18、e was going to take up literature that term.查德说他那个学期要选修文学。Perry told his parents,“What I want is not money, but love from you.”Perry told his parents (that) what he wanted was not money but love from them.佩里告诉他的父母说他想要的不是钱，而是来自父母的爱。Doctors usually advise,“People should live a free and easy life.”Doct
19、ors usually advise (that) people should live a free and easy life.医生经常建议人们应该过得轻松愉快。2疑问句直接引语中的疑问句变为间接引语时必须用陈述句语序，句末用句号。主句引述动词是say时，要改为ask(问)，wonder(想知道)，dont know(不知道)，want to know(想知道)，be not sure(拿不准)，be puzzled(纳闷)等。e.g.Bridget said,“Do all of you often write to your parents?”Bridget asked if/whet
20、her all of us often wrote to our parents.布里奇特问我们是否经常给父母写信。(一般疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)Carmen asked me,“You are interested in computer studies, arent you?”Carmen asked me if/whether I was interested in computer studies.卡门问我是否对电脑研究感兴趣。(反意疑问句变为if/whether引导的宾语从句)I asked Sally,“Will you stay with me or go
21、by yourself on a picnic?”I asked Sally whether/if she would stay with me or go by herself on a picnic.我问莎莉她是和我呆在一起，还是自己独自去野餐。(选择疑问句变为whether/ifor引导的宾语从句)“What are your parents and where do they live?”the policeman asked me.The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.警察问我父母是干什么的，
22、住在哪里。(特殊疑问句变为由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句)3祈使句祈使句变为间接引语时须将祈使句的谓语动词变成不定式，作宾语补足语，原主句引述动词say须改为ask(让)，tell(告诉)，order(命令)，beg(乞求)，warn(警告)，advise(建议)等。否定句需要在不定式前加上not。有的祈使句表示建议需要改成“suggest/advise that+(should)+”结构。e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.雪儿让我们进来坐下。“
23、Dont always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.One of them told John not to be so nervous.其中一个人告诉约翰不要紧张。“Try one more time and see what will happen”, the teacher said.The teacher advised that they should try one more time and see what would happen.老师建议他们应再试一次看看结果如何。4感叹句感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导，也可用
24、that引导。e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.They all shouted what a lovely day it was.They all shouted how lovely a day it was.They all shouted that it was a lovely day.（3）句型的变化:陈述句的直接引语变成间接引语时,将直接引语变成that引导的宾语从句。一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的直接引语变成间接引语时,要由if或whether引导一个陈述性的宾语从句,省略原有的助动词do，does，did，将动
25、词还原,注意词序不能倒装。如果直接引语是选择疑问句,变成间接引语时用or连接选择部分。反意疑问句应用whether（if）.or not结构直接引语是祈使句时,变成间接引语时要把直接引语变成一个不定式短语（作宾语补足语）,还要加上适当的宾语（如E）部分第4题）。如果是否定的祈使句应在不定式前加上not或never（如E部分第10题）。 特殊疑问句变为间接引语时,一般以原来的wh-词为引导词,用陈述语序。 （4）其它变化: 时间状语变化:nowthen，todaythat day，this eveningthat evening，yesterdaythe day before，yesterday
26、 morningthe morning before，last weekthe week before，agobefore，to-morrowthe next day，next week（month/year）the next week （month/year），the day before yesterdaytwo days before等。 地点状语变化:herethere。 动词变化:bringtake，comego。 指示代词变化:thisthat，thesethose，有时需把this变为it（如E）部分第17题）,these 变为they（如E）部分第18题）。 人称的变化:在直接
27、引语中的代词,应根据语境与引述动词的主语或宾语保持一致。 当把间接引语变为直接引语时,其时间、地点、人称、句型的变化与直接引语变间接引语相反。直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。She said, What a lovely day it is !She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.5如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1） 一般现在时变为一般
28、过去时（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时注意（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The teacher said The earth goes round the sun.The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：He said to me, I was born
29、in 1973.He told me that he was born in 1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：He said, Im a boy, not a girl.He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：The girl said, I get up at six every morning.The girl said that she gets up at six every
30、 morning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态
31、的改变。例如：The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化，变化方法见下表。在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词th
32、isthatthesethose 表示时间的词now thentodaythat daythis week(month ,etc)that week (month ,etc)yesterday the day before last week(month ,etc) the week(month ,etc) beforethree days (a year ,etc) ago three days (a year. etc) beforetomorrow the next (following ) day next week (month ,etc) the next (following )
33、 week (month ,etc)表地点的词herethere 动词bring take comego典例剖析例题1Last Sunday my brother told me,“Im going to see you tomorrow.”(改为间接引语)解题技巧：此句改为间接引语时需要改动的地方首先是人称I要根据主语my brother改为he，you要根据me改为me。第二是is going to要改为was going to。第三是tomorrow要改为the next day。答案：Last Sunday my brother told me (that) he was going
34、to see me the next day.例题2He asked Li Ying,“Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?”(改为间接引语)解题技巧：此句改为间接引语时，首先要知道这是一般关系问句的直接引语改为间接引语，要加连接词if或whether，时态可以不用改，但yesterday要改为the day before。人称you要根据Li Ying用he或she。答案：He asked Li Ying if/whether he/she was watching TV at this time the day before.例题3He said that he would do it.(改为直接引语)解题技巧：首先去掉连接词that，人称he改为I，would改为will。再加上引号。答案：He said,“I will do it.”