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1、精品_精品资料_人教版英语选修 8 课文原文及课文译文Unit 1Aland of diversity第一单元一个多元文化的国土ReadingCALIFORNIACalifornia is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, havingattracted people from all over the world. The customs
2、and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.NA TIVE AMERCANSExactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likelythat Native Americans were
3、 livingin Californiaat least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly
4、. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery.In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.THE SPANISHIn the 18th century California was ruled by
5、 Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the f
6、irst Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after
7、the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there isstill a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.RUSSIANSIn the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, bega
8、n settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.GOLD MINERSIn 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and th
9、erefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great可编辑资料 -
10、 - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.LATER A RRIV ALSAlthough Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the
11、 building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the Chinatowns of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Other immigrants suc
12、h as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century.In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The ind
13、ustry boom attracted Europeans includingmany Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have be
14、en living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.MOST RECENT ARRIVALSIn more recent decades, Californiahas become home to more people from Asia, includingKoreans, Cambodians, Vietn
15、amese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.THE FUTUREPeople from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nat
16、ionalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.加利福尼亚加利福尼亚是美国的第三大州,而且是人口最多的州.加州与众不同之处在于它也是美国最具多元文化的一个州,它吸引了来自世界各的的人们.这些移民的风俗习惯以及语言在他们的新家都得以连续.当你明白了加利福尼亚的历史后,你就不会对此感到诧异了.美洲土著人最早的一批人详细是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚的区的,谁
17、也说不清晰.然而,很可能至少在 15 ,000 年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了.科学家们认为,这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极的区的白令海峡到达美洲.欧洲人在16 世纪来到这儿后,土著人遭受了极大的苦难,成千上万的人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶.此外,欧洲人带来了疾病,使很多人染病而死,不过,仍是有一些人在经受了这些恐惧时期后活下来了.今日住在加利福尼亚的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多.西班牙人在 18 世纪的时候, 加利福尼亚是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6 世纪初期来到南美洲的, 他们同土著可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_人打仗,并夺去了他们的土的.两
18、个世纪以后,西班牙人在南美洲的大局部的区定居下来,而且仍在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海的区住下来.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中,大局部是宗教人士,他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教.1821 年,墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立 -加利福尼亚于是成了墨西哥的一局部.1846 年美国向墨西哥宣战,美国赢得战争成功后,墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亚割让给美国.但是,这个州至今仍旧储存着很强的西班牙的影响.这就是为什么今日仍有40%的加利福尼亚人仍旧把西班牙语作为第一或其次语言的缘故.俄罗斯人19 世纪初期,一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开头在加利福尼亚定居下来.今日,住在圣弗朗西斯科旧金山及其周边的区的美籍俄罗斯人约
19、有25,000 人.淘金矿工1848 年,在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久,在加利福尼亚发觉了金矿.发财梦很快就吸引了世界各的的人.距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人.随后跟着来的有欧洲和亚洲的探险家.事实上很少有人圆了发财梦.一些人死了或回家了,但是尽管条件特别艰苦,多数人仍是留在了加利福尼亚劳作谋生,并在新的城镇或农场里定居下来.到 1850 年加利福尼亚成为美国第31 个州的时候,它已经是一个有着多种文化的社会了.后来的移民虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开头到来了,但是更大批量的移民却是在1 9 世纪 60 岁月为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的.今日,加利福尼亚州各的都有美籍华人,尽管有
20、很大比例的华人仍是挑选住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科旧金山的 “中国城里.19 世纪后期, 其他国家的移民, 比方意大利人来到了加利福尼亚,他们主要是渔民, 也有制酒工人. 1911 年, 丹麦的移民建立了自己的城镇,至今仍旧储存着丹麦文化.20 世纪 20 岁月,电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来.这个行业吸引了大量的欧洲人,包括很多犹太人.今日,加利福尼亚的犹太人口在美国占其次位.日本农夫是在20世纪初期开头到加利福尼亚来的,而从20 世纪 80 岁月以来就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亚定居了.非洲人从1 9 世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来,他们是从墨西哥向北迁来的.然而,更多的非洲人是在1942 年至 19
21、45 年期间来到加利福尼亚的,当时他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作.最近期的移民在最近的几十年里,加利福尼亚成了更多的亚洲人的家,包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老挝人.从20 世纪 70 岁月以来,运算机工业吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人来到加州.将来展望世界各的的人,由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引,仍旧在连续迁入加利福尼亚.人们认为,要不了多久, 多种国籍的混合将会特别之大,以致不行能存在一种主要的种族或文化群体,而是多种族、多文化的混合体.Using Language可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Reading and writingGEORGE S DIARY 12TH 14TH
22、JUNEMonday 12th, JuneArrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was inve
23、nted by AndrewHallidie,whowanted tofinda better formoftransport than horse-drawn trams. Apparentlyhed been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a trams brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.Had a late l
24、unch at Fishermans What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. Now its a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. Its also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other pla
25、ces in the Bay.Did so much exploring at Fishermans What. Am exhausted and dont feel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight.Tuesday 13th, JuneTeamed up with a couple from my hotel Peter and Terri and hired a car. Spent all day driving around the city. Theres a fascinating drive marked out for to
26、urists. It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. Its a 79km round -trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really good idea of what the citys like.In even
27、ing, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a mus
28、eum containing documents, photographs and all sorts ofobjects about the history of Chinese immigration,but it is closed in the evening. Willgo back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, JuneIn morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port
29、 in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied forright to livein USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have lightbut the immigran
30、ts had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justice and freedom to them.They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to
31、 grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my life today.乔治的日记 6 月 12 日-14 日6 月 12 日 星期一可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_早晨乘公共汽车抵达,直赴饭店,放下行李,洗澡、刮脸,即去观光.先是乘缆车,在山顶揽胜,观看旧金山湾及整个城市.缆车系统建立于1873 年,是由安德鲁 哈利迪制造的,他试图找到一种比马拉的轨道车更好的交通方式.他曾经看到过一次可怕的交通事故：一辆马车刹车失灵,驾车失控,车子和马一起从山上
32、滑了下去,很明显这让他受到了极大的震动.午餐是在渔人码头吃的,吃得很晚.意大利渔民在19 世纪末第一来到这个的区,并且在这儿开头捕鱼业.如今这儿是一个旅行区了,很多商店、海鲜馆和面包坊.这儿也是乘渡船去天使岛和海湾其他的方的渡口.在渔人码头看了这么多东西,我太累了,什么也不想干了.今晚要早点睡觉.6 月 13 日 星期二同酒店里的一对夫妻 彼得和泰莉 作伴,一起租了一辆小汽车.一成天驱车游玩城市.有一种特的为旅行者选定的驾车游活动.车身上有蓝白两色相间的标记,上面有海鸥以表示要去的路线.这是一次79 公里的旅行,它涵盖了全部闻名的旅行景点.途中多次停车,从不同角度观赏城市风景并摄影.现在有对城
33、市的面貌有了一个很好的明白.黄昏,跟彼得和泰莉一起去中国城.中国移民于19 世纪 50 岁月定居在这个的区.建筑物面前装饰得就像在中国南部的区的古建筑一样. 这儿看到了一些好玩的寺庙, 不少的集贸市场和大量的餐馆,仍有美术馆和一个博物馆.博物馆里有关于中国移民史的文件、照片和各种各样的物品,但是晚上关门了.准备白天再来.吃了一顿可口的饭菜,然后步行下山回到酒店.6 月 14 日 星期三早晨,从旧金山湾的港口乘渡轮去天使岛,路上观赏了金门大桥.从1882 年至 1940 年,天使岛成为一个闻名的移民站,很多中国人在那儿申请美国居住权.移民站的房间又冷又潮湿,一些房间甚至没有光,但是移民们没有其他
34、去处.凄惨的境遇对他们来说好像是一种惩处而谈不上公正和自由.他们在墙上写诗,抒发孤独的情感,痛惜 以前在中国的生活. 1940 年民政部门改革了制度,使得更多的中国人能够得到时机定居美国.这引起我的感叹,使我对今日的生活感到欣慰.Unit 2Cloning其次单元克隆ReadingCLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US.Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens
35、 in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use i
36、t all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals
37、failed. But at last可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough- the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this:On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the s
38、heep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally wasvery encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal.Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half th
39、e length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fateaffected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were: Wouldthis be a major difficulty for all cloned animals. Would it happen forever. Could it be solved if corrections were made in thei
40、r research procedure.On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human being
41、s.Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote ofevilleaders hopingto clonethemselves to attain theirambitions.Religiousleaders also raised moralquestions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform
42、their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aidthat cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.克隆：它将把我们引向何
43、方？克隆始终与我们同在,而如今它仍要连续下去.这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法.当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时,就会产生这种现象.这种现象也发生在动物身上,从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆.实际上,这些都是自然克隆现象.克隆技术有两大用途.第一,园艺师始终用它生产大量的供商用的植物.其次,它在对新植物物种的讨论以及对动物的医学讨论方面都是很有价值的.克隆植物简洁,但克隆动物就比拟复杂了,是一项很难完成的任务.克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了.但是,科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报,这就是 1996 年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉的产生.它的程序如以下图所
44、示：1. 母羊 A 供应一个卵细胞.2. 在卵细胞中取出细胞核.3. 卵细胞预备接受新的细胞核.4. 母羊 B 供应一个供克隆的躯干细胞.该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因.5. 取出该细胞的细胞核.6. 用电把母羊 B 的躯干细胞核和母羊 A 的卵细胞结合起来.7. 细胞分裂并生长成胚胎.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_8. 把胚胎植入另外一头母羊C 体内,母羊 C 就是克隆羊的代孕者.9. 这头小羔羊就是母羊B 所提,供的细胞核克隆而成的.一方面,整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长多莉看来是在正常的成长着, 这很令人激励.接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息.
45、讨论克隆的科学家发觉多莉得的病更简洁发生在年老的羊身上这让他们很懊丧.多莉总共只存活了六年半,这是它的原型羊寿命的一半.可悲的是,同样无法掌握的命运也在影响着其他物种,如 克隆鼠.科学家的脑海里产生的问题是：“这是不是全部克隆动物的一个主要困难了？这种现象会不会永久发生？ 假如改良程序,问题会不会解决？另一方面,多莉的诞生引起了一阵剧烈的反对,对,对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了庞大的影响.它引起了争议,由于它突然翻开了人们的眼界,看到了有可能：用克隆技术来治疗重病,甚至克隆出人类.尽管目前供克隆讨论的人体卵细胞和胚胎仍很难得到,但报纸报道说,有些邪恶头目期望把自己克隆出来以实现他的野心.宗教领导
46、也提出了道德方面的问题.各国政府惶恐担心而且更加谨慎,有些政府开头改革司法制度, 明令禁止进行克隆人类的讨论.但是其他国家如中国和英国,那么仍在连续收集克隆技术有可能供应丰富有的医疗救助的证据.然而,科学察们仍对克隆技术有助于人类仍是有害于人类,以及克隆技术将把我们引向何处困惑.Using LanguageReading,discussing and writingTHE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS.The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film maker
47、s. And they are not the only ones. The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into peoples hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. S
48、cientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows:1950s cloning of frogs1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep 1970s research using the embryos of mice2022 cow g