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1、精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -第一篇词法八 、 动 词 一学问概要动词在语言中是必不行少的一部分.它的语法现象也较多,但在中学范畴主要有以下几方面问题. 时态： 中学范畴主要有一般现在时,一般过去时, 现在完成时, 过去完成时, 将来时与过去将来时六种时态. 语态：主动语态与被动语态.助动词和情态动词.非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法.时态主要把握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法.1 一般现在时： 主要有以下三方面, 用来表示状态, 特点或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理.如： Matter exists in three
2、 states物质有三态.又如：The earth moves around the sun 表示习惯性和常常发生的动作,如：I often go to bed at 9 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如：As soon as I get there Ill telephone you.2 一般过去时：主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如：I was ill last week 过去常常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如：I used to get up at six.3 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式用 illshall+动词原形来表达将来在 某一时间内要
3、发生,或常常、将要发生的动作或状态,如：Schoolwillbeginon Sepember 1st 用 be going to+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或准备去作的动作.如：Imgoing to swim this afternoon be+ 现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如：Imcoming .这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词.在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来.4 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如： What are you doing now.要留意的
4、是表示状态, 情感的某些词没有现在进行时, 这些动词有： like, have 有 ,love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect5 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如：He told me he would come to my party6 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是：用来表达在过去开头的动作连续到现 在,如：IvestudiedEnglishfortwo years 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如：I h
5、avent had my breakfast. so Im hungry now现在完成时与过去完成时的区分在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去.如：I haventseen myold teacher for a longtime我好久未见到我过去的老师了.是指到目前截止.假如加上一句话,就将变为过去完成时,如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadnt seen him for a long time.由于我好久未见可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - -
6、- - - - -第 1 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -他这一情形截止于昨天.仍要留意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如： When I got to school, the class had begun假如肯定要讲开头几分钟了就要换用表示状态,或连续性动词,如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动
7、语态之分.主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如：I broke the window而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如：The window was broken by me被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如：The Newbuildingwas builtlastweek关键要留意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to 的动词,在被动语态要仍原,如：主动语态I saw him come in.被动语态He was seen to come in.助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否
8、定句,以及用来加强语气.而情态动词就表达一种可能、必要、答应、愿望、推测的意图、倾向.也用来表示语气的委婉和希望.中学阶段主要有： can, could, may, might, will, would, must have to, shall, should. 最终要谈论的是非谓语动词, 非谓语动词分为不定式, 和动词的 ing 形式, 即现在分词和动名词 .虽然在中学范畴, 这一项不是语法重点,但仍是要花肯定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础.为进一步学习供应良好的条件.不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语.如：To see istobelieve.百闻不如一见 He want tosee a
9、 film仍可以作补足语,如：He wants meto leave. 也可以作状语,如：I comehere to learnEnglish.动名词也可以起到上述作用,如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much.而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如：The girl driving a car is her sister.定语 Did you notice his hand shaking.宾语补足语 Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.状语 二 正误辨析误 She laid down and
10、soon fell asleep.正 She lay down and soon fell asleep.析考试中常显现的是易混动词lay放, lie躺, lie说谎.它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下：lay 放 laid , laid , laying 及物动词 lie 躺 lay , lain , lying 不及物动词 lie 说 谎 lied , lied , lying误 Please rise your hand.正 Please raise your hand.析 rise是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如：The sun rises in the east.而 raise
11、是及物动词.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -误 I like to swim very much, but I dont like swimming this afternoon.正 I like swimming very much, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.析 like作为 喜爱
12、讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作.而接不定式就侧重于表达一次性、 特殊性的动作. 但要留意的是 like 与 would 连用时就肯定要接不定式,如： Would you like to go with me.再有一点要留意的是, like 作为介词 像 讲时,只能用分词作其宾语.误 Stop. Did you listen to a strange voice.正 Stop. Did you hear a strange voice.析 hear 的侧重点是听到、 听见什么, 而 listen to 的侧重点为听的倾向, 如：listen. Doyou he
13、ar someone calling help. 这样的词仍有 look 与 see .它们的侧重点也不同, look 重于 看 的倾向,而 see 重于观察没观察.误 Did you watch some film recently.正 Did you see some film recently.析英语中see与 watch各有不同的用处,see 用于看电影、剧目,而watch 用作看电视和看球赛.误 Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.正 Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.析
14、 hang有两个含义, 挂 ,它的过去时与过去分词是hung, hung; 绞刑 ,这时它是规章动词,其过去式与过去分词就为hanged, hanged .误 How long can I borrow this book.正 How long can I keep this book.析 借 在英文中有三个词,借入,即borrow, 如 ： May I borrow somebooks from the library. 借出,如： I can lend my bike to you. 借多久要用keep,由于 borrow 与 lend 都是截止性动词,而 keep 是连续性动词.如How
15、 long can I keep it.误 We have won your class.正 We have beaten your class.析 win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是竞赛、战争、奖品、奖金.而beat 的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如：We won the game.误 I left my key.正 I forgot my key.正 I left my key at home.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎
16、下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -析 leave是 丢下 ,其后肯定要接的点状语,而forget其后不要接的点状语.误 Oh. Its raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you.正 Oh. Its raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you.析 bring为 带来 如： Next time bring your little sister here.而 take 为 带走 , fetch为 去某处取什么回来 ,
17、如： Please fetch some coffee for us要熟记的是在中学课文中与 take 有关的词组,如： take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下 take off 脱下 take out 拿出take place 发 生 take hold of 拿 住 take part in 参 加 take a seat 坐 下 take ones place 替代 take a look 看 看 take ones turn 轮 流 take a message 捎 信 take care of 照 看 take it easy别焦急take on
18、es time渐渐来 take ones temperature测量体温误 The policeman reached his gun.正 The policeman reached for his gun.析 reach 作 到达 讲时是及物动词,如： I reached the hotel at 8 30 但作 伸手去拿 ,就要用 reach for something .作为 到达 讲时仍有 arrive in+ 大的方 at 较小的的方 和 get to. 要留意的是与 get 有关的词组有： get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车 g
19、et on 上车 get out 出 去 get up 起 床 get to 到 达 get ready for=be ready forget on well with与人相处融洽 get 加比较级为变得如何,例如： get colder and colder.误 This dictionary spent me five dollars.正 This dictionary cost me five dollars.析英文中的 花费 有 4 个 spend,cost,take和 pay, 其中 spend 与 pay 所在句中的主语应为人,如： I spent two hours in do
20、ing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而 cost与 take的主语就是事物,如：It takes me two years to finish this book.误 In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.正 In summer I always sleep with the windows open.正 I always sleep with the windows closed.析要留意 open 是动词也是形容词,而close就要用其过去分词作形容词.误 Pleas
21、e wait a minute. Im having on my clothes.正 Please wait a minute. Im putting on my clothes.析英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着装扮,仍是穿衣服的动作两类动词.表示穿着状态的词有 have on, wear, 在用法上 have on 不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如： She has on a new schooldress. 而 wear 就多用进行时来表示状态,如： She is wearing a new sweater. 在表示动作的词中 put on是常用的一词. dress 用作动词当
22、穿衣 讲时其后宾语不应接衣物, 而要接人, 如：My children were very可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -young they couldnt dress themselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如：He is dressed in white.误 My computer cant begin. Cou
23、ld you find someone to help me.正 My computer cant start. Could you find someone to help me.析 begin与 start均可指 开头 ,而且常常可以互换,如：School begins starts at 8 a. m.但是在两种情形下不宜用begin而要用 start, 当作机器开动、 发动讲, 如：My car cantstart.There must be something wrong with it. 作为 旅途开头 讲,如： We should have to start early. The
24、rewas a lot of traffic on the road.误 Im very glad because I have founded my lost key.正 Im very glad because I have found my lost key.析 find是不规章动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found, found,而 found 又是另外一词 建立 ,它是规章动词, 其过去式与过去分词是founded founded,如：The PeoplesRepublicof China was foundedin 1949.误 Please. Lets speak in Engl
25、ish.正 Please. Lets speak English.正 Please. Lets talk in English.误 Can you speak it English.正 Can you say it in English.析 英文中 说 有 4 个常用词say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有speak 和 talk,如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而 speak 其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情形 是不及物动词.say 与 tell是及物动词,其中tell常用双宾语,如：Te
26、ll us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语.如：Tell the truth.误 Can you say Japanese from Chinese.正 Can you tell Japanese from Chinese.析 tellfrom 为固定词组,即辨论两者的不同.误 Excuse me, did I step on your foot.正 Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot.析 excuse me用于未打搅对方前,以提示对方留意的用语,而sorry就是由于自己已做的事向对方赔礼.误 Would you care for to swi
27、m with us.正 Would you care to swim with us.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -析 carefor后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如：Would you care fora cup of tea.care for作 照料 讲时与 look after相同.在中学阶段学习与for有关的词组有：a
28、sk for恳求 call for接人,请人care for关怀go in for从事 answer for负责 look for查找wait for等待 send for请人 pay for付款 search for查找 leave for去某的 prepare for预备 thank somebody for something为某事向某人道谢.误 Are you understanding it. Yes, I got to it.正 Do you understand it. Yes, I got it.析understand这一词没有进行时态,犹如感观动词love 、hateIgot
29、 it是美语,即 I understoodit .要记住get作为 到达 讲时是不及物动词,如：Ill get to the school at 8 a. m.中学范畴常用与 to 有关的动词词组如下：belongto属于 come to清醒 pointto at指着get to到达 refer to谈到 stick to坚持lead to导致 turn to翻到 look forward to期望agree to同意误 The meat has gone badly.正 The meat has gone bad.析英语中 go, get, become, turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,
30、这时这些动词应被看作系动词.误 The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.正 The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.析假如主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态.假如是过去时,就宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应.但的球环绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以仍应用一般现在时态来表达.误 Ill come to see you as soon as Ill be back.正 Ill come to see you as soon as I am back.析在状语从句中要用一般
31、时来表示将来,如：I should tell him when he came back.误 I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.正 I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.析在宾语从句中就要用将来时表示将来的动作.要留意的是假如宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依旧要用一般现在时表示将来,如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow youll come here or not.误 What did
32、 you do at eight last night.正 What were you doing at eight last night.析在描述过去某一详细时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如： I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - -
33、- - - - - - - -误 My classmatescame to see a filmyesterday.I didntgo withthem,because Ihave seen it before.正 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them because I had seen it before.析现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开头于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候. 如动作截止到现在用现在完成时.如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时. 例如：Ivelearnt En
34、glish for three years.到现在为止 又如： Before I went to college, I had learnt English forthree years. 动作截止到上高校那时,即截止于过去误 Im feeling well now.正 I feel well now.析 瞬时动词有些无进行时态,它们是： 表示思维状态的词： believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的动词： care, like, do like, love
35、, mind, hate, fear表示状态的词： belong, own 感观动词： feel, hear, see , smell, taste误 When have you done this work.正 When did you do this work.析 when 提问的是一个时间点不行用于完成时态的问句中.误 This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries.正 This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign co
36、untries.析 have gone to是到某的去了,此人现在不在这里.have been to是到过某的,现在此人在说话现场.误 I have borrowed this book for two weeks.正 I have kept this book for two weeks.析 截止性动词有完成时态,但不行和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用.如：WhenI got to the cinema the film had begun.但要讲When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes这样的用法仍有buy, jo
37、in, die,如： I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书.I have had this book for two days.这本书我已买了两天了.I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部.I have been in this club for two years.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了.My father died five years ago.我父亲是5 年前去世的.My father has been dead for five years.我父亲已去世5 年了.误 Have you unders
38、tood the lessons.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -正 Do you understand the lessons.析有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand, think, believe, know 知道 误 It was said that the Second World War had broken ou
39、t in 1939.误 It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939.析 在叙述过去的历史大事时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且 happen, break out,take place作为发生讲时均没有被动语态.误 When I walked along the street. I happened to meet an old friend.正 When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend.析在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中
40、,某一突然大事发生,这时长动作应用进行时 现在进行时或过去进行时 ,而突发性动作用一般时 一般现在时或一般过去时 ,如： When my father is reading anewspaper the telephone rings.误 Please buy a book for me.正 Please buy me a book.正 Please buy a book to me.析 在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如： Buy me a book 中 me是间接宾语, 而 a book 是直接宾语. 假如将直接宾语前置, 其后应加 to ,如： Tell
41、mea story. Tell a story to me. Give me a book. Give a book to me.误 He was seen come into the book store.正 He was seen to come into the book store.析 在主动语态中,有时可以加不带 to 的不定式作宾语,如： I saw him come into the book store. 但假如变为被动语态时,就要将省略的 to 仍原.当然这些动词仍可以加动名词作宾语,如： I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动
42、语态时,就没有变化.如： He was seen coming into the bookstore.误 How nice the book is. Is it sold well.正 How nice the book is. Does it sell well.析有些动词可以表示一种动作,但也可以用来表示某种性质,表示动作时可用被动语态,在表示性质时就不行用被动语态.如：This book sells well.这本书畅销.This car drives easily.这车简单驾驶. These clothes wash easily.这些衣服好洗.在作上述表达时,不要用被动语态.而要讲：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -This kind of book was sold