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1、-电信通信专业外文翻译译文-第 56 页Radio network planning process and methods for WCDMAWCDMA无线网络规划过程和方法Abstract This paper describes the system dimensioning and the radio network planning methodology for a third generation WCDMA system. The applicability of each method is demonstrated using examples of likely syst
2、em scenarios. The challenges of modeling the multiservice environment are described and the implications to the system performance simulations are introduced.摘要本文详细介绍了系统的维数和第三代WCDMA系统无线网络规划方法。证明使用实例的可能的系统方案的每一种方法的适用性。描述了多业务环境中建模的挑战并且介绍了性能仿真对系统的影响。Keywords: Telecommunication network planning, Mobile
3、radio- communication, Code division multiple access, Wide band transmission, Multiple service network, Dimensioning, Simulator, Static model, Dynamic model, Cellular network.关键词：电信网络规划，移动无线电通信，分码多重存取，宽带传输，多服务网络，维数，模拟器，静态模型，动态模型，蜂窝网络。Resume(?)ContentsI. Introduction II. Initial planning, system dimen
4、sioning III. Detailed planning process IV. Example dimensioning case and verification of dimensioning with static simulations V. Comparison of a static to a dynamic network simulator VI. Conclusion 目录一， 产品简介二， 初步规划，系统选型三， 示例维数情况，在静态模拟下核实维数四， 比较静态和动态网络模拟器五， 结论I. INTRODUCTIONAs the launch of third gen
5、eration technology approaches, operators are forming strategies for the deployment of their networks. These strategies must be supported by realistic business plans both in terms of future service demand estimates and the requirement for investment in network infrastructure. Evaluating the requireme
6、nt for network infrastructure can be achieved using system dimensioning tools capable of assessing both the radio access and the core network components. Having found an attractive business opportunity, system deployment must be preceded by careful network planning. The network planning tool must be
7、 capable of accurately modeling the system behaviour when loaded with the expected traffic profile. The third generation cellular systems will offer services well beyond the capabilities of todays networks. The traffic profile, as well as the radio access technology itself form the two most signific
8、ant challenges when dimensioning and planning a WCDMA based third generation system. The traffic profile describes the mixture of services being used by the population of users. There are also specific system functionalities which must be modelled including fast power control and soft handover. In o
9、rder to accurately predict the radio coverage the system eatures associated with WCDMA must be taken into account in the network modeling process. Especially the channel characterization, and interference control mechanisms in the case of any CDMA system must be considered. In WCDMA network multiple
10、 services co-exist. Different services (voice, data) have different processing gains, Eb/N0 performance and thus different receiver SNR requirements. In addition to those the WCDMA coverage depends on the load characterization, hand over parameterization, and power control effects. In current second
11、 generation systems coverage planning processes the base station sensitivity is constant and the coverage threshold is the same for each base station. In the case of WCDMA the coverage threshold is dependent on the number of users and used bit rates in all cells, thus it is cell and service specific
12、.产品简介推出第三代技术方法的同时，运营商正在形成他们的网络部署策略。无论在对未来服务需求的估计还是网络基础设施投资的要求，这些策略必须支持实际的业务计划。使用系统评估的无线接入和核心网络组件的尺寸工具，可以实现网络基础设施的要求评价。在发现了一个有吸引力的商业机会时，在系统部署之前，必须通过周密的网络规划。随着预期的流量配置文件加载时，网络规划工具必须能够准确模拟系统的行为。第三代蜂窝系统将提供的服务远远超出了今天的网络能力。当设计和规划一个基于第三代系统的WCDMA时，流量模板，以及无线接入技术本身形成两个最重要的挑战。流量模板描述了综合服务的用户群。也有特定的系统必须建模，包括快速功率控
13、制和软切换的功能。为了准确预测无线覆盖与WCDMA系统相关的功能，必须考虑网络的建模过程。特别是沟道表征，并在CDMA系统的情况下，任何的干扰控制机制必须加以考虑。在WCDMA网络中多种服务并存。不同的服务（语音，数据）有不同的处理增益，Eb/N0的性能，因而有不同的接收器SNR的要求。除了那些WCDMA的覆盖范围取决于负载特性，交出的参数和电源控制效果都是如此。在当前的第二代系统的覆盖规划处理中，基站的灵敏度是恒定的，对每个基站的覆盖范围的阈值是相同的。在WCDMA的覆盖范围的阈值的情况下是依赖于用户的数量和在所有元件中使用的比特率，因此，这是元件和具体的服务。The WCDMA plann
14、ing process can be divided into three phases: initial planning (dimensioning), detailed radio network planning and network operation and optimization. Each of these phases requires additional support functions like propagation measurements, Key Performance Indicator definitions etc. In a cellular sy
15、stem where all the air interface connections operate on the same carrier the number of simultaneous users is directly influencing on the receivers noise floors. Therefore, in the case of VMTS the planning phases cannot be separated into coverage and capacity planning. In the case of the post second-
16、generation systems data services start to play an important role. The variety of services requires the whole planning process to overcome a set of modifications. One of the modifications is related to the quality of service (QoS) requirements. So far it has been adequate to specify the speech covera
17、ge and blocking probability only. Also more and more one has to consider the indoor and in-car coverage probabilities. In the case of UMTS the problem is slightly more multidimensional. For each service the QoS targets have to be set and naturally also met. In practice this means that the tightest r
18、equirement shall determine the site density. In addition to the coverage probability the packet data QoS criteria are related to the acceptable delays and throughput. Estimation of the delays in the planning phase requires good knowledge of the user behaviour and understanding in the functions of pa
19、cket scheduler.WCDMA规划的过程可以分为三个阶段：最初的规划（尺寸），详细的无线网络规划和网络运营与优化。每个阶段需要额外的支持功能，如传播测量，关键绩效指标定义等。每个阶段需要其他的支持功能，如传播测量、关键绩效指标定义等。在蜂窝系统中，所有的空中接口连接在同一载波上运行，并发用户数直接影响接收机的噪声层。因此，在VMTS的情况下规划阶段不能被分离成覆盖和容量规划。在此后的情况下，第二代系统的数据服务开始发挥重要的作用。各种服务需要在整个规划过程中克服一系列修改。其中一项修改关系到相关的服务质量（QoS）要求。到目前为止，它已经足够指定语音覆盖和阻塞概率。此外，越来越多的人
20、们必须考虑的是室内和车内覆盖概率。在UMTS的情况下，问题是稍微多维的。对于每个服务的QoS目标都必须设置.。在实践中，这意味着严格的要求应确定网站密度。除了覆盖概率的分组数据的QoS指标与可接受的延迟和吞吐量有关。在规划阶段的延迟估计需要用户行为的良好认知和理解数据包调度程序的功能。Common features between second and third generation coverage prediction also exist. In all the systems both of the links have to be analyzed. In current syst
21、ems the links tend to be in balance whereas in the case of third generation one of the links can be higher loaded than the other, and thus either one of the links could be limiting the cell capacity or coverage. The propagation calculation is basically the same for all standards, with the exception
22、that different propagation models could be used. Another common feature is the interference analysis. In the case of WCDMA this is needed for the loading and sensitivity analysis, in the case of TDMA/FDMA it is essential for frequency allocation. In order to fully utilize the WCDMA capabilities, a t
23、horough understanding of the WCDMA air interface is needed from the physical layer to the network modeling, planning and performance optimization.第二代和第三代之间也存在覆盖预测的共同特点。在所有系统中两个链接是必须要进行分析的。在目前的系统中，连结往往是处于平衡状态，而在第三代的情况下的链接比其他加载更高,因此其中的链接可能会限制电池容量或覆盖。传播计算所有标准基本上是相同的，与此不同的是不同的传播模型被应用。另一个共同特点是干扰分析。在WCDMA
24、的情况下，这是装载和敏感度分析所需要的，在TDMA/ FDMA的情况下，对于频率分配它是必不可少的。为了充分利用的WCDMA能力，对WCDMA空中接口的透彻理解, 需要来自物理层的网络建模，规划和性能优化。In this paper the pre-operational phase of the WCDMA planning process, as depicted in Figure 1in detail, is discussed. Section II is concentrating on the initial planning issues. The WCDMA link bud
25、get is introduced and it is demonstrated how different services and their QoS requirements impact on the site density estimate. In Section III a static radio network simulator is introduced. The methodology required in the coverage and capacity estimation for WCDMA is described for both uplink and d
26、ownlink. Topic of Section IV is to demonstrate the accuracy of dimensioning: an example area is dimensioned and the average site distance is determined. The dimensioning result is compared with the outcome of a static network simulation. In Section V the analysis methods of the static simulator are
27、verified. The verification was performed with a dynamic system simulator. The paper is concluded in Section VI.在本文中讨论了，图1中所详细描绘的运行前阶段的WCDMA规划过程。第二部分主要讨论最初的规划问题。介绍了WCDMA的链路预算并且证明了不同的服务和QoS要求对站点密度估计的影响。在第三部分介绍静态无线网络模拟器。上行链路和下行链路描述了用于WCDMA的覆盖范围和容量估计所需的方法。第四部分的一个主题是为了演示的尺寸精度，例如区域的尺寸和确定平均站点距离，将尺寸的结果与静态网络
28、仿真的结果作对比。在第五部分验证了静态仿真分析方法。用一个动态的系统模拟器进行了核查。第六部分对本文做出总结。II. INITIAL PLANNING, SYSTEM DIMENSIONINGInitial planning (i.e. system dimensioning) provides the first and most rapid evaluation of the network element count as well as the associated capacity of those elements. This includes both the radio acc
29、ess network as well as the core network. This paper focuses upon the radio access part solely. The target of the initial planning phase is to estimate the required site density and site configurations for the area of interest. Initial planning activities include radio link budget (RLB) and coverage
30、analysis, capacity estimation, and finally, estimation for the amount of base station hardware and sites, radio network controllers (RNC), equipment at different interfaces, and core network elements. The service distribution, traffic density, traffic growth estimates and QoS requirements are essent
31、ial already in the initial planning phase. In the initial planning phase the quality is taken into account in terms of blocking and coverage probability. RLB calculation is done for each service, and the tightest requirement shall determine the maximum allowed isotropic path loss.二。初步规划，系统尺寸初步规划（即系统
32、选型）为网络元素数量以及这些元素相关的能力提供最早最快速的评估。这包括无线接入网络和核心网络。本文仅侧重于无线接入部分。初始规划阶段的目标是估计所需的站点密度和感兴趣地区的现场配置。初步规划活动包括无线链路预算（RLB）和覆盖分析、容量估计，以及最后对基站硬件和网站数量、无线网络控制器（RNC）、不同接口的设备、核心网络元素的估计。服务分布、交通密度、交通量的增长估计和QoS的要求是初步规划阶段必不可少的。在最初的规划阶段质量被考虑在阻塞和覆盖概率内。RLB计算完成每项服务，严格的要求应确定最大允许各向同性路径损耗。A. WCDMA specific items in the radio li
33、nk budgetIn this section the WCDMA uplink and downlink budgets are discussed. To estimate the maximum range of a cell a RLB calculation is needed. In the RLB the antenna gains, cable losses, diversity gains, fading margins, diversity gains etc. are taken into account. The output of the RLB calculati
34、on is the maximum allowed propagation path loss which in return determines the cell range and thus the amount of sites needed. There are a few WCDMA specific items in the link budget if one compares to the current TDMA based radio access system like GSM. These include interference degradation margin
35、, fast fading margin, transmit power increase and soft handover gain. The interference degradation margin is a function of the cell loading. The more loading is allowed in the system, the larger interference margin is needed in uplink, and the smaller is the coverage area. The uplink loading can be
36、derived as follows, for simplicity the derivation is performed with service activity v = 1. To find out the required uplink transmitted and received signal power for a mobile station MSk connected to a particular base station BSn, the basic CDMA Eb/N0 equation is used. The usual, slightly theoretica
37、l, assumption is that Ioth, the interference received from the MSs connected to the other cells is directly proportional (proportionality constant i) to Iown, the interference received from the MSs connected to the same BSn as the desired MS. Assume that the MSk uses bit rate Rk, its Eb/N0 requireme
38、nt is Pk and the CDMA modulation bandwidth is W. Then the received power of the k-th mobile, Pk, at the base station it is connected to, must be at least such that公式(1)k=l . Kwhere Kn is the number of MSs connected to BSn, N= NoW = NfkToW is the noise power in the case of an empty cell, Nf is the re
39、ceiver noise figure, k is the Boltzmann constant and T0 is the absolute temperature.A. WCDMA无线链路预算的具体项目在本节中讨论的是WCDMA的上行链路和下行链路预算。有必要估计一个单元格的最大范围的一个RLB计算。在RLB中要考虑天线增益、电缆损耗、分集增益、衰落余量、分集增益等。RLB计算的输出是最大允许的传播路径损耗，这种损耗确定返回的单元格的范围，从而需要大量的网站。也有少数的WCDMA的链路预算中的特定项可以与当前的基于TDMA的无线接入系统作比较，如GSM。这些措施包括干扰降解保证金、快衰落余
40、量、发射功率增加和软切换增益。干扰退化利润率是元件装载的一个功能。系统中允许更多的加载，就要在上行链路中需要较大的干扰余量和越小的覆盖区域。上行负载，可以得出如下简单的推导进行服务活动V = 1。为了移动台的MSK连接到一个特定的基站BSn，要用CDMA的Eb/N0基本方程找出所需的上行链路的发送和接收信号功率。通常简单的理论是假设Ioth，从连接到其他元件的移动站接收的干扰与Iown接收到的干扰信号成正比（比例常数）。假设该MSK使用比特率为RK，则Eb/N0的要求是PK和CDMA调制带宽为W。然后，第k个移动峰值，它是连接到在基站处的接收功率，必须至少是这样的。公式(1)k=l . KKN
41、是MSs连接到BSN的数,，N= NoW = NfkToW是一个空单元格情况下的噪声功率，Nf是接收机的噪声系数，k是玻耳兹曼常数，T0为绝对温度。The inequalities in (1) are slightly optimistic because it is assumed that there is no interference from the own signal. In reality this is not exactly true in multipath propagation conditions. Equation (1) is however still ch
42、osen to avoid taking multipath interference into account twice. I.e., the Eb/N0 requirements determined from link level simulations are presented so that N0 means only noise and multipath interference is visible in higher Eb/N0 requirement to a certain BER performance. Solving the inequalities as eq
43、ualities means solving for the minimum required received power (sensitivity), Pk:公式(2)If the Equations in (2) are summed over the mobile stations connected to BSn then公式公式(3) since/ow, = Pk If loading is defined as k 公式(4) this loading definition can be enhanced to include gain and service activity,
44、 v:公式(5) In 12 the uplink loading is estimated using equation公式(6)where m is the number of services used. The difference between Equations (5) and (6) are due to the fact that (6) does not include sectorisation gain and that in the derivation starting from Equation (1) the denominator is Iown-Pk+ iI
45、ow +N rather than Iown+ iIown +N, which is only the case when Pk Iown（1）中的不等式比较理想，因为它是假定不存在干扰的自身信号。在现实中，在多径传播条件下，这是不完全正确的。方然而程（1）仍选择避免两次考虑多径干扰。即让N0表示只有噪声和多径干扰，确定链路级仿真的Eb/N0要求更高的Eb/N0要求有一定的误码率。解决不平等等式意味着解决所需的最小接收功率（灵敏度），PK：公式(2)k=l . K如果方程（2）中的移动台的总和连接到为BSn的移动站则：公式公式(3) since/ow, = Pk If loading is d
46、efined as 公式(4) 此加载定义可以被增强，从而包括增益和服务活动，V：公式(5) 使用公式12中的上行链路负载估计公式(6)其中m是所使用的服务的数量。方程（5）和（6）之间的差异是由于，当PK Iown,（6）并没有包括，在推导从方程（1）中的分母是Iown PK+ iIow+而不是Iown+ iIown+。The downlink dimensioning is following the same logic as the uplink. For a selected cell range the total base station transmit power ought
47、 to be estimated. In this estimation the soft handover connections must be included. If the power is exceeded either the cell range ought to be limited, or number of users in a cell has to be reduced. For downlink the loading (DL) is estimated based on公式（7）where LPmi is the link loss from the servin
48、g BSm to MSi, LPni is the link loss from another BSn, to MSi, Pi is the transmit Eb/N0 requirement for the MSi, including the SHO combining gain and the average power raise caused by fast power control, N is the number of base stations, I is the number of connections in a sector andi is the orthogonality factor depending on multipath conditions (= 1: fully orthogonal).公式：The term defines the iDL. n =l,n:m LPn iDirect output of the downlink RLB is the single link power required by a user at the cell edge. The total base station po