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1、-交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 1)中英文-第 7 页Unite One Transportation SystemText A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant res
2、ources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。There are many different definitions of transportation in variou
3、s books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be move
4、d from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation a
5、ffects our economic, social, and political development.在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。然而，在各种定义中，它们都有一个共同点，即移动货物或乘客在物理位置上的改变。因此，在本文中交通运输被定义为乘客或货物从一个地方到另一个地方的移动。货物必须从生产地运输到消费地，人类要从居住地到另一地点参加某项活动。我们不断地移动以维持生存、提高生活条件。交通运输影响着我们的经济，社会以及政策发展。SurvivalTo survive, a person consumes products. Products need to be obtai
6、ned from the nature or need to be processed. Given the person must perform some of these activities to survive, he/she needs transportation to accomplish his/her activities. In reality, nature imposes two conditions that force the use of some kind of transportation. First, a person needs more than o
7、ne product to survive. Second, nature does not supply all of the needs at the same location. Thus, to perform all of the activities required for consumptions, transportation becomes necessary.人类必须消耗资源以维持生存。这些资源或者从自然中获得，或者由人类生产得来。如果人类必须从事类似这样的活动以维持生存，那么他/她就必须通过移动来完成。事实上，在自然环境中存在两个强加条件迫使人类采取某种方式的移动运输，
8、第一：人类维持生存需要不止一种资源；第二：在自然环境下所有必需的资源不可能在同一个地方。因此，为了完成各种消费活动，移动运输必不可少。The earliest form of transportation was the movement of people. People move to search food and a favorable climate. The American Indians migrated from Asia into North America through the Bering Straits and Alaska is an example. Gradu
9、ally, the emphasis shifted from the movement of people to the movement of goods. Today, most of the population in the world expects that the goods will be transported to them through some transportation modes.最早的移动形式是人类的移动。人类不断地移动以寻找食物和更宜居的天气条件，美国印第安人通过白令海峡(Bering Straits)从亚洲移民到北美洲就是一个很好的例子。渐渐地，移动的主
10、体由人类转向了货物。在今天，全世界大部分的人们都希望货物能够通过某种方式运到他们的手中。It is necessary to point out that as transportation efficiency increase, it has a direct and positive effect on the individuals ability of survival, even under very primitive conditions. It is also worthwhile to point out that people in our modern society
11、seek much more than mere survival. They strive for a better standard of living and life-style width less time and efforts. Specialization is one means to achieve the goal.值得指出的是，随着运输效率的提升，它对人类个体的生存能力有着直接积极的影响，即使是在非常原始的环境中也同样如此。同时需要指出的是，在现代社会中，人类需要的不再仅仅是怎样保证生存，更多的是在寻求怎样以更少的时间和精力创造出更好的生活条件和生活方式。其中专业化就
12、是实现这个目标的一种方式。SpecializationSpecialization is defined as allowing human or physical resources to perform the tasks for which they are best suited. For example, if a person is particularly adept at farming, then the society should allow him to farm. If a certain geographic region is suitable for growi
13、ng wheat, then the society should grow id in that area. Specification can bring many benefits. The overall efficiency of society is improved because fewer resources are employed to reproduce the desired output. The result is that less effort is expended to produce a particular product. Thus, special
14、ization is a desired goal for society because it increases efficiency and directly improves our standard of living.专业化的定义是，使人或物资用于最适合它们的地方。例如，如果一个人善于从事农业生产，那么他更适合务农；如果一个地方更适合种植小麦，那么这个地方就应该用于种植小麦。专业化可以带来许多的益处，由于更少的资源用于生产某些特定的商品，整个社会的效率提高了，结果是花费更少的精力去生产某些特定产品。因此，专业化是一个社会追求的目标，既提高了效率，又直接改善了我们的生活条件。The
15、benefits of specialization can be gained through either economies of scale or geographic specialization. Economies of scale are realized when a large volume of the same type of commodity is produced in one location at one time. Geographic specialization involves using particular region to produce sp
16、ecific products.通过规模经济效益或者地理位置上的专业化能够实现专业化带来的益处。当在同一时间同一地点大量生产某一相同产品时就会产生规模经济效益，而地理上的专业化则包含了在特定区域生产特定的产品。If products are produced in suitable locations and people are to specialize in a specific task, then the movement of products among different locations must take place. The role of transportation
17、 in economies of scale and geographic specialization is complex, and the level of transportation efficiency directly affects the degree to which we can gain he benefits of specialization.如果产品在适合它的地方生产，人们从事专业化的工作，那么不同区域的产品移动势必发生。交通运输在规模经济和区域专业化中的角色是复杂的，而运输效率也直接影响了我们能从专业化中获得的益处。Economies of scale are
18、gained when many units are produced at a single location. The result is a lower cost per unit. There are many reasons for the economies of scale are possible. Fixed costs can be spread over more units, specialized equipment can be used, and tasks can be made routine. Therefore, as more units are pro
19、duced, the cost per unit goes down. But at some level the cost per unit stops going down and begins to increase as production is expanded beyond the most economical level.当在同一区域大量生产同种产品时便会产生规模经济效益，带来的结果是生产单位产品花费更少。有许多证据表明规模经济是可行的，如固定成本被分摊到更多单位产品上，（在生产过程中）使用专业化的设备，同时制定长期计划等。因此，随着越来越多的产品生产出来，那么每个产品所分摊
20、的固定成本将不断降低，但当规模达到一定水平时，每个产品分摊的固定成本会停止降低，并且随着生产规模超出了最佳经济规模开始出现上升现象。There is a desire to produce more units of certain type of product at one location because of the economies of scale. However, the demand for the product at the producing location typically does not equal maximum economies of scale. T
21、here are two ways to solve the problem: one is to reduce the production of the product, and the economies of scale are lost; the other is to ship the excess product inputs to other places where there is a demand for the product if the economies of scale are desired. Thus, transportation must be avai
22、lable.由于经济规模效益的存在，在同一个地方大量生产同一类型的产品是有必要的，然而，通常某地对某种产品的需求并不等于最大经济规模的产品。有两种方法可以解决这个问题，一是减少这种产品的生产量，因此也就失去了规模经济带来的效益，另一种是在实现规模经济的同时，将多出的产品运输到其它对这种产品有需求的地方。因此，交通运输必不可少。Geographic specializationGeographic specialization is similar in principle to economies of scale. Geographic specialization capitalized
23、on the fact that one region has an advantage over other areas for some reasons. One area may have more favorable climatic condition, different natural resources, and more efficient human resources and so on. Therefore, the area that is best situated should be the source of production. Again, the ava
24、ilability of efficient transportation is necessary to capitalize on these advantages. If and efficient transportation system is available, the each location can produce can produce those products for which it is geographically suitable in large quantity, and the total production cost would be much l
25、ower.区域专业化基本上与规模经济是相似的。区域专业化依据一个区域比起另一个区域在某些方面具有优势这样一个事实，如一个区域可能拥有更好的天气条件，各种不同的自然资源以及更高效的人力资源等，因此这个区域最适合某种物品的生产，同时，高效便利的交通条件对于实现这样的优势是必不可少的。如果每个区域都有高效便利的交通条件，那么每个区域就能以更低的生产总成本大批量生产最适合的产品。Standard of living and transportationGenerally, the standard of living and life-style reflect the manner in which
26、 individuals and societies are able to meet their needs and wants. One measure of standard of living is the amount and variety of goods people are able to acquire. A second measure is the amount of efforts that must be put forth to satisfy needs and wants. A third measure is the level of comfort and
27、 ease with which basic needs and wants are fulfilled. Many things have contributed to these improvements in our lives, such as advanced technology, improvement in managements and labor qualities.一般而言，生活水准和生活方式反映了一个人或社会群体能够满足自身需求和愿望的方式。一种衡量生活水平的方法是人们能够获得他们需要的物品的种类和数量，另一种衡量方法是为了实现某种需求或愿望需要付出的精力，最后一种是在
28、实现这些愿望和需求时的难易程度。许多东西都有助于提高我们的生活水平，比如先进的技术，管理和劳动效率方面的改善。The role of transportation has been significant. Without transportation, we would not have been able to capitalize on economies of scale, geographic specialization to increase overall economic efficiency. Furthermore, as the transportation effic
29、iency system increases, the ability to gain these advantages increases. The standard of living and life-style of a society are tied directly to the availability of an efficient transportation system.交通运输的作用是显著地。没有交通运输，我们就不可能利用规模经济和区域专业化以提高整个社会的生产效率。更进一步讲，随着交通运输效率的提高，获得它所带来的优势的能力也相应提高。一个社会的生活水平和生活方式与
30、它的交通运输系统直接相关。Text B Definition of transportation systemA transportation system is consisted of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system which permits people and goods to move from one place to another efficiently in order to participate in some desire activity timely.交通运输系统由固定
31、设施、流动实体以及控制系统构成，人们因此能够及时快速地从一个地方移动到另一个地方参加某种活动，而货物也能高效准时的送达目的地，以便在各种活动中使用。This definition identifies the functional components of transportation system (the fixed facilities, the flow-entities, and the control system) and encapsulates the fact that transportation provides the connectivity that facil
32、ities other societal interactions.以上定义明确了交通运输系统的基本组成（包括固定设施、流动实体和控制系统），同时也概括了这样一个事实：交通运输提供了一个连接通道，以促进其他社会系统之间的相互作用。Fixed facilitiesFixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and consisted of the network (e.g., transit terminals, harbors, or airports as the nod
33、es and routes, channels, or lines as links in the network) of the transportation system. Their design, which has traditionally been within the realm of civil engineering, includes soil and foundation engineering, structural design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is conce
34、rned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities. Although related, geometric design is different from other aspects of design (e.g., structural design, which is concerned with the strength of structures to withstand efficiently the expected forces or loads), which are covere
35、d elsewhere in the typical civil engineering curriculum.固定设施是固定在空间中的物理结构，它构成了交通系统网络（包括公交站、港口、机场节点和线路、航道以及连接网络站点之间的线路），一般认为，交通运输系统的设计建造属于土木工程领域，包括对土地的基础建设工程，结构设计，排水系统的设计以及与固定设施构成比例紧密相关的几何设计。然而，几何设计与其它设计（例如结构设计，关系到设施的结构强度以承载预期的荷重）却截然不同，在典型的土木工程课题中也有涉及到几何设计。Flow entities and technologyFlow entities are
36、 the units that traverse the fixed facilities. They include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on. In the case of the highway system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations.流动实体是穿梭于固定
37、实体之间的单元，包括了车辆，集装箱以及铁路客车等。在公路系统中，固定设施服务于多种类型的车辆，包括从自行车到大型的牵引式车辆。In this book, flow entities are considered only in terms of their generic characteristics (such as size, weight, acceleration and deceleration capabilities) rather than in terms of their specific technological design, which is normally u
38、ndertaken by mechanical and electrical engineers.在本书中，讨论的主要包括流动实体的一般特征（如尺寸、重量以及加速减速性能），不包括通常被机械工程师和电子工程师（为某种特殊用途）而研发的特殊设计。Control system The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on the
39、 fixed facilities. Such control can be manual or automated. The proper geometric design of the fixed facilities must incorporate, in addition to the characteristics of the vehicle, the characteristics of the vehicular control system. In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually
40、 controlled, these include driver characteristics, such as the time a diver takes to perceive and react to various stimuli. In the case of automated systems, similar but more precisely definable response times exist. 控制系统由车辆控制系统和车流控制系统构成。车辆控制系统涉及引导运行在固定设施中私家车辆的相关技术，这种对私家车辆的控制既可以手动控制也可以自动控制。而固定设施的几何设
41、计必须能够协调车辆控制系统与车辆的各项特征。公路设施中，在需要手动进行控制的地方，这些特征就包括了驾驶员的特征，例如驾驶员对于外部的感知时间、对刺激所做出的反应等。对于自动控制系统，在手动控制的基础上还包括了对于时间更加精准地界定。The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system include
42、s various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.流动实体控制系统由使车流高效平稳行驶并减少车辆间冲突的各种措施方案构成，这一系统包括了各种的标志、记号、信号系统和基本的运行规则。Transportation systems are constructed neither are pure expressions of engineering ingenuity nor as monuments of purely aesthetic quality. Th
43、ey are built to serve people in undertaking their economic, social, and cultural activities. Although in some culture, demand for transportation is considered as one of four necessities of human being：clothing, food, shelter, and transportation, in the jargon of the economist, the demand for transpo
44、rtation is derived, or indirect, meaning that people do not normally travel or move their possessions for the sake of movement but to fulfill certain needs, for example, to go school, to , to shop, or to visit friends. By the same token, workers do not place themselves in the middle of them morning
45、and evening rush hours because they enjoy traffic congestion but because their work schedules require it. Transportation engineers are concerned with accommodation these societal activities by providing efficient ways to satisfy the populations needs for mobility. As used in the foregoing definition
46、 of a transportation system the word efficient stands for the balancing of a variety of often confliction requirements that society in general considers being important. These requirements include, but are not limited to, cost considerations, convenience, protection of environmental quality, and pro
47、tection of individual rights, which may have a variable priority, depending on the issue.交通运输系统既非单纯的工程产物，也非纯粹的美学设计。它被用于服务人类，使人类能够从事经济，社会和文化活动。在某些文化中，交通运输作为人们衣食住行必不可少的一部分。在经济学术语中，交通需求间接指人们并非出于旅行或转移财产的目的而是为了实现某种需求的移动，例如，上学、工作、购物或者拜访朋友等。出于同样的原因，工人并非因为喜欢拥堵而在早高峰和晚高峰出行，而是因为他们工作时间使然，交通运输工程师密切关注并服务于这样的社会活动，通过提供高效的运输方式以满足人们对于出行的需求。正如上文对于交通运输系统的定义，高效一词意味着协调各种相互冲突但对于社会而言又非常重要的要求。这些要求包括但不限于成本考量、便利性、环境保护、对个人权利的保护以及由于种种优先考量因素而产生的问题。