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1、-中考陈述句、感叹句、疑问句和祈使句-第 24 页陈述句、感叹句、疑问句和祈使句中考主要考查疑问句的疑问词/组、祈使句、感叹句及反义疑问句的回答和它们之间的转换以及应用。其中对疑问词的选择、感叹句的运用及反义疑问句的考查是重点。一、 陈述句陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式,句末通常用句号,读降调。(一)陈述句的肯定式结构:主语+谓语+其他。如:That boy always helps others. 那个男孩经常帮助别人。I went to the cinema with my friend yesterday.昨天我和朋友去电影院了。(二)陈述句的否定式1. be的
2、否定式(1)be用作系动词时,结构为:主语+be+not+表语+其他。如:Tom was not at home yesterday. 昨天汤姆不在家。(2)be用作助动词,用于be doing/be going to do/be done等时态或被动语态中,结构为:主语+ be+ not+动词的现在分词或过去分词+其他。如:Mother is not cooking. 妈妈没在做饭。The sweater isnt made of wool. 这件毛衣不是羊毛做的。2. 助动词、情态动词的否定式The girl doesnt do housework at home.这个女孩在家不做家务。M
3、an cant live without water. 没有水人类不能生存。3. 除not外,其他否定词也可以构成否定句(1)用no表示,no=not any/a。如:He has no child.=He doesnt have any children.他没有孩子。(2)never绝不,从来不。如:I have never seen such a strange man.我从没见过这样奇怪的人。(3)little, few几乎没有。如:There are few students in the crowd.人群里几乎没有学生。(4)no one/nobody 没有人。如:No one/No
4、body is interested in the book.没有人对这本书感兴趣。(5)nothing 什么也没有。如:There is nothing left in the backpack.背包里没剩什么东西了。(6)neither of. 没有什么人(常用于两者都不);none of. 没有任何人,什么都没有(用于三者及以上都不)。如:Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.他们两个都没有去过北京。(7)seldom 很少,hardly 几乎不。如:I seldom get a cold. 我很少感冒。I can hardly say a w
5、ord. 我几乎不能说一句话。(8) too.to. 太以至于不能。如:We set off too late to catch the train.我们出发太迟没赶上火车。例如：Ben has finished the project on reusing natural resources.(改成否定句)Ben the project on reusing natural resources. 【解析】本题考查否定句的用法。原句是现在完成时态肯定句,改为否定句时,在助动词之后加not。【答案】 has not/hasnt finished二、 感叹句感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以
6、表达人的喜、怒、哀、乐等感情色彩。感叹句可以是一个单词、一个不定式、一个由短语构成的独立句,也可以是由what或how引导的句子,句末常用“!”。(一)what引导的感叹句1. What + a(an)+形容词+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!What a beautiful flower it is!这是一朵多么美丽的花呀!2. What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!如:What cute dogs they are!多么可爱的小狗呀!3. What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!如:What sweet water it is!多甜的水呀!例如：Do you know the
7、 book One Hundred Years of Solitude(百年孤独) has been printed again?It is expected to be. unusual novel it is! A. WhatB. What a C. HowD. What an【解析】本题考查感叹句的用法。句意为:你知道百年孤独这本书又一次出版印刷了吗?众望所归。一本多么不同寻常的小说啊!感叹句有以下三种常用句型:What a/an + adj.+名词单数+主语+谓语动词!;What + adj.+名词复数或不可数名词!;How+副词或形容词+主语+谓语动词!。本句的感叹中心词novel,
8、是可数名词,且unusual的第一个音素是元音音素,故用what an。【答案】 D(二)how引导的感叹句1. How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!如:How frightening the story is!多么恐怖的故事呀!2. How+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!如:How interesting a topic they are talking about!他们探讨的话题多么有意思呀!3. How+主语+谓语!如:How time flies! 时间过得真快呀!例如：Our school is beautiful.(改为感叹句) our school is! 【解
9、析】本题考查感叹句的用法。感叹句句型为:What(a/an)+形容词+名词+(主谓)!;How+形容词/副词+(主谓)!。因为陈述句的表语是形容词,感叹句应该用how来引导。【答案】 How beautiful(三)一些特殊形式1. 在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情。如:He speaks English so fluently!他英语说得可真流利呀!Do read it carefully!一定要仔细阅读!2. 用一个词或词组表示强烈感情的句子也是感叹句。如:Wonderful!好极了!Look out!小心!Great!太棒了!Watch your fee
10、t. 当心脚下。3. 以there, here等副词开头的感叹句。如:There she is!她在那儿!Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。(四)如何判断用what还是用how来引导感叹句方法一:凡是有a, an开头的多用what。方法二:凡是形容词直接加名词的,多用what。方法三:其他一般用how。案例(2015广东38 )Do you know Wang Feng?He can remember 100 groups of numbers in five minutes.Yes. man he is! A. What a smartB. How smart C. What
11、 a stupid D. How stupid【解析】本题考查感叹句的用法。因为这里的man是个名词,所以前面的引导词用what来引导。又根据句意:王峰五分钟内记住了100组数目。所以说“他是多么聪明的人啊!”【答案】 A三、 疑问句用以提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句。(一)一般疑问句一般疑问句表示询问事物或某种情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定(yes)或否定(no)回答,读时用升调,它的基本结构为:be+主语+其他(?);助动词(或情态动词)+主语+谓语(动词原形)+其他(?)。使用一般疑问句时应特别注意问句与答句在人称、数和时态上的一
12、致。对一般疑问句作肯定回答时,通常是:Yes,主语+be/助动词/情态动词;作否定回答时,通常是:No,主语+be/助动词/情态动词+not, not一般要与前面的词语构成缩略形式。如:Are you a teacher?你是教师吗?Yes, I am. 是的,我是。No, Im not. 不,我不是。Do you like travelling? 你喜欢旅游吗?Yes, I do. 是的,我喜欢。No, I dont. 不,我不喜欢。注意:一般疑问句通常是怎么问,怎么答,即用什么词提问,就用什么词回答,但有下列情况时例外。1. 用其他词语代替yes或no来回答,从而使语气变得客气、委婉。如:
13、Can you come and play chess with me?你能来同我下盘棋吗?Im afraid not. I am busy right now.恐怕不行,我现在很忙。例如：Have you ever seen the TV show Where Are We Going,DAD?. I think its quite moving and funny. A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent C. Yes, he hasD. No, she hasnt【解析】本题考查现在完成时态一般疑问句肯定回答。疑问句是询问对方是否看过电视秀爸爸去哪儿,根据应答句后面
14、一句判断,该句应该作肯定回答。【答案】 A2. 否定疑问句通常是以be动词、情态动词或助动词与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。如:Dont you know him?(表示惊讶)你没有听说过吗?Yes, I do. 不,我认识。No, I dont. 是的,我不认识。对否定的一般疑问句作简略回答时也用yes或no,但其汉语翻译与其原意正好相反。(二)特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能使用yes或no,读降调。疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。疑问代词常见的有:what(对“物”提问),who(对“人”提问),which(哪一个),whose(
15、谁的),whom(宾格“谁”)。如:Who is your teacher?谁是你的老师?Miss. Gao. 高小姐。What does your father do?你爸爸做什么工作?He is a lawyer. 他是一名律师。例如：They went to Yunnan last summer.(对画线部分提问) they go to Yunnan? 【解析】本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。画线部分是表示过去时间的状语,应该用疑问副词来提问;谓语部分用一般过去时态。【答案】 When; did疑问副词常见的有:when(何时),where(何地),why(为什么)和how(怎么样)等。如:H
16、ow did you come here?你是怎么来到这儿的?By plane. 乘飞机。Where are you from?你来自哪里?Im from Jiangsu. 我来自江苏。疑问词组常见的有:how soon, how long, how far, how often.how soon多久;how long多长时间;how far多远;how often多久一次How soon will the party begin?再过多久派对就开始了?In twenty minutes. 再过二十分钟。How long have you been abroad?你在国外多长时间了?For f
17、ive years. 五年了。How often do you have a trip?你多久旅行一次?Once a year. 一年一次。How far do you live from the town?你住的离城镇有多远?About ten minutes drive. 驾车大约十分钟。例如：Amy will study in an international language school for several weeks.(对画线部分提问) will Amy study in an international language school? 【解析】本题考查疑问词组的用法。画线部
18、分是一段连续时间,应该用“how long ”来提问。【答案】 How long不同类型特殊疑问句同义句表达常见的有:1. 询问问职业Whats your father?/Whats your fathers job?/What does your father do?你爸爸是干什么工作的?Hes an office worker.他是个职员/上班族。2. 询问星期/日期What day is it today?/What day of the week is it today?今天星期几?Its Friday.星期五Whats the date today?/What day is it t
19、oday?今天几号?Its October 25. 10月25号。3. 询问时间Whats the time now?/What time is it now?现在几点啦?Its nine oclock now. 现在九点整。4. 询问天气情况Whats the weather like today?/How is the weather today?今天天气怎么样? Its cloudy and windy. 多云、有风。5. 询问在哪一个班级What class are you in?/Which class are you in?你在哪一个班级?Im in Class One, Grad
20、e Eight. 我在八年级一班。6. 询问某物怎么/如何称呼/怎么说Whats this in English?/Whats this called in English?这在英语中怎么称呼?Its a hen. 是只母鸡。7. 询问价格/钱是多少What is the prize of this shirt?/What price for this shirt is?/Whats this shirt worth? What does this shirt cost?/How much is this shirt worth)?这件衬衫多少钱?Its fifty yuan.五十元。8. 询
21、问问对方对某人/事的观点或看法What do you think of this film?/How do you like this film?你觉得这部电影怎么样?It was wonderful. 很精彩。9. 询问多大年纪/龄Whats your age?/How old are you?你多大啦?Im sixteen years old. 我十六岁。10. 询问问某人得了什么病Whats wrong with you?/Whats the matter/trouble with you?你怎么啦?Ive got a headache.我头疼。11. 询问人口数量是多少How many
22、 people are there in our country?/Whats the population of our country? 我们国家有多少人口?12. 询问怎么样What about going out for a walk?/How about going out for a walk?出去散散步怎么样?Its a good idea. 好主意。特殊疑问句考查热点1. 考查特殊疑问句谓语部分的构成。特殊疑问句中的时态不同,谓语动词和所用的助动词也不同。你昨天花了多长时间做作业?How long it you to do your homework yesterday? 【解
23、析】本题考查疑问句谓语部分。因为疑问句中的yesterday是一般过去时态的时间状语,所以助动词要用did;又因为句子用it作形式主语,动词花费要用take。【答案】 did, take2. 考查特殊疑问句中的疑问词/组运用。常见的疑问词/组有:what, who, whose, which, where, when, why, what time, what color, what/which class,how old/how many/how much/how long/how often/how soon/how far。多久以后印度的人口将超过中国的人口?will the popul
24、ation of India be larger of China? 【解析】本题考查疑问词组和动词的用法。因为疑问部分是询问“多久”,应该用How soon;又因为从句是比较级结构,为了避免重复,人口the population要用代词that来代替。【答案】 How soon, than, that3. 考查特殊疑问句的应答句。对特殊疑问句作出相应的回答是英语交际应答中的基本要求,应该根据实际情况作出回答。How soon shall we start the bicycle trip?A. In three days B. After three daysC. In three days
25、 time D. After three days time 【解析】本题考查交际应答。因为疑问句是询问动作将要持续多长时间,即多久以后发生,after表示过去某一段时间以后,所以排除B、D两项。A项是干扰题,因为名词所有格后面没有加名词,所以也排除。【答案】 C4. 考查根据应答句来选择特殊疑问句。根据应答句来选择疑问句是考查同学们对特殊疑问句的理解和应用情况。可以运用还原法,即对应答句中某一部分提问来确定所选择的句子。Your skirt is really beautiful. ? Silk.A. Where did you buy it B. How much is itC. What
26、 size is itD. Whats it made of 【解析】本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。根据疑问句之前的提示语“你的裙子真好看”和应答语“丝绸”判断,疑问句是询问“裙子是什么做成的”,所以排除A、B、C三项。【答案】 D5. 考查句型转换。特殊疑问句的句型转换通常有两种形式。A.就画线部分提问。B.同义句转换。(1)Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.(就画线部分提问) Lucy ask him to do? 【解析】本题考查特殊疑问句的用法。画线部分是宾语补足语,提问时要问“做什么”,疑问词用what;又因为谓语部分是一般过去时态,助动词用di
27、d。【答案】 What did(2)Whats your favorite subject? ?(同义句) 【解析】本题考查特疑问句的同义句表达。疑问句中的形容词favorite意为“最喜爱的”,其同义句可以用What/which subject like best结构来表示。【答案】 What/which subject do you like best(三)选择疑问句提出两种或两种以上的情况供对方选择,这样疑问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答时不能使用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或其省略形式。语调一般是前升后降。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊
28、选择疑问句两种。1. 一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择部分?如:Do you like apples or pears?你喜欢苹果还是梨?I like pears. 我喜欢梨。2. 特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句+A or B?如:Which would you like better, swimming or fishing?你比较喜欢哪个,游泳还是钓鱼?I like fishing. 我喜欢钓鱼。(四)反义疑问句/附加疑问句反义疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出相反的疑问。附加问句部分要与前面的陈述句用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构,附加
29、部分就用否定结构,反之亦然。此问句可用yes或no来回答。附加部分的主语须用代词,并与前句主语一致,谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要与前句一致。1. 含有系动词be的附加疑问句。如:Im very happy, arent I?/am I right?我很开心,是吗?Im very dirty, arent I/am I right?我很脏,是吗?2. 含有情态动词had better, have to, ought to的附加疑问句。如:Youd better come tomorrow, hadnt you?你最好明天来,是吗?We had to wait a long time to ge
30、t our passport, didnt we?为了得到护照,我们必须等好长时间吗?She ought to go by plane, oughtnt/shouldnt she?她应该乘飞机去,是不是?3. 含有否定词的附加疑问句。如:He never exercises in the morning, does he?他早上从不锻炼,是吗?She is seldom late for school, is she?(=She is not often late for school, is she?) 她上学很少迟到,是吗?4. 主语是复合不定代词(指人)的附加疑问句。如:Everyone
31、 is having a good time, isnt he?/arent they?每个人都玩得很高兴,是吗?Nobody wants to go there, does he?没有人想到那里去,是吗?5. 主语是复合不定代词(指物)的附加疑问句。如:Nothing can stop us, can it?没有人能阻止我们,是吗?Everything is ready, isnt it?一切都准备好了,是吗?6. 主从复合句的附加疑问句。如:You think you are right, dont you?你认为你是对的,是吗?He thinks he is going to becom
32、e a singer, doesnt he?他想他要成为一名歌手,是吗?I suppose hes serious, isnt he?我猜想他是严肃的,是吗?附加疑问句应该与从句中的主语和谓语保持一致;如果主句是否定结构的话,还要注意否定的转移。如:I dont think he is serous, is he?我认为他并不严肃,是吗?7. 祈使句和there be结构的附加疑问句。祈使句的附加疑问句通常用两种情况。(1)Lets, Let us/me的附加疑问句。如:Lets go home, shall you?咱们回家吧,好吗?Let me have a look, will you?
33、让我看一看,好吗?Let us have a look at your license, will you?让我们看看你的执照,好吗?(2)肯定祈使句和否定祈使句。如:Be careful next time, will you/would you?下次当心,好吗?Dont forget to call me, will you?/would you?不要忘记给我打电话,好吗?there be结构的附加疑问句。如:There wont be any trouble, will there?不会有任何麻烦,是吗?There is something wrong with your bike, i
34、snt there?你的自行车出毛病了,是吗?反义疑问句的答语对反义疑问句作回答时,如果答案是肯定的,则用yes,后跟肯定形式的简略回答方式;若答案是否定的,则用no,后跟否定形式的简略回答方式。即其回答方式与一般疑问句的回答方式完全一致。特别注意有时要根据具体的语境确定应用肯定形式还是否定形式来回答。如:Lucy skates very well, doesnt she?露西滑冰滑得非常好,是吗?Yes, she does. 是的。You dont like the film, do you?你不喜欢这部电影,是吗?No, I dont. 是的,我不喜欢。例如：Mr. Smith and h
35、is wife seldom drive their car to work, ?(完成反义疑问句) 【解析】本题考查反义疑问句的用法。陈述部分是一般现在时态否定句,疑问部分应该用一般现在时态肯定结构,所以填do they。【答案】 do they四、 祈使句(一)祈使句的结构及用法祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。祈使句表示“叫某人做某事”时,要用动词的基本形式。如:Dont be late. 不要迟到。Dont come out. 不要出去。“叫某人不做某事”时,在动词的前面加上dont。有时用动词不定式的否定形式表示。如:P
36、lease brush the fish tank today. 今天请把鱼缸刷一刷。Take care not to catch cold. 当心不要着凉。Lets not waste time. 我们别浪费时间。Lets not make noise. 我们不要吵闹。祈使句的主语通常不表示出来。有时为了引起或者提醒对方注意,可以加上主语或称呼语。如:Jack, please dont look out of the window. 杰克,请你不要向窗外望。Sorry, I wont do it again. 对不起,我不会再这么做了。Lucy, you clean the blackboa
37、rd today, will you?露茜,你今天擦黑板,好吗?有时为了强调,可以在祈使句开头加上do。这种祈使句表示一种强烈的感情或请求,意为“务必,一定”。如:Do be a good boy. 要做个好孩子。Do come to help me quickly. 快来帮帮我。Do tell him the truth!一定要告诉他真相!Do look out!一定要小心!(二)祈使句中注意点1. 有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾时,前面要用逗号隔开。如:Please sit down. 请坐。Stand up, please. 请起立。2.
38、在意思较为明显的情况下,可把谓语动词省去。如:This way, please. 请这边走。3. 有时为了明确地向对方提出请求或发出命令,可加称呼语,但称呼语要与句子隔开。Stay away from here, Jim. 吉姆,离开这里。4. 某些名词、形容词或副词等后面加感叹号,也可作为祈使句使用。如:Hands up!请举手!Hands down!放下手!Taxi!出租车!例如：Its sunny today. Lets go mountain climbing,? Good idea!A. shall weB. will you C. wont youD. wont you【解析】本题
39、考查祈使句的反义疑问句。lets开头的反义疑问句,其疑问部分应该用shall we表示建议。【答案】 A例1考查感叹句和祈使句。 delicious these beef noodles are! A. WhatB. How C. What aD. How a【解析】考查感叹句用法。题意:这些牛肉面条真好吃啊!句子名词性短语these beef noodles作主语,强调形容词delicious,故用how引导。【答案】 B别担心我的安全。我会小心的。 my safety. I will be careful. 【解析】本题考查祈使句的用法。“不要担心”应该用祈使句否定结构来翻译。所以答案是:
40、Dont worry about/Dont be worried about/Dont be anxious about例2考查疑问句和句型转换。Will you open the door?A. All rightB. Its right C. Thats all rightD. Quite right【解析】本题考查情景交际。A项“好吧”;B项“那是正确的”;C项“没关系”;D项“非常正确”。疑问句表示请求,根据句意“你能打开门吗?”判断,应答句应该用“All right.”。【答案】 A请别在这里抽烟,好吗?【解析】本题考查疑问句的用法。该句是反义疑问句结构,可以用祈使句“Dont.,w
41、ill you”来翻译,也可以用句型“Will/Would you please.?”来翻译。所以答案是:Dont smoke here, will you/OK?/Will/Would you please not smoke here?/Would you mind not smoking here?/Could you please not smoke here?We would rather walk around than sit in the sofa after supper.(保持句意基本不变)We walking around sitting in the sofa afte
42、r supper. 【解析】原句的句型结构是“would rather.than.(宁愿而不)”,其同义结构是prefer to do sth.。【答案】 prefer; to一、 单项选择1. He hardly goes to school by car, he? A. doesB. doesnt C. isD. isnt 2. will the fog and haze last? Ive no idea. There is no sign of an end.A. How soonB. How far C. How longD. How often 3. does your cousi
43、n usually go to work on foot? He says its good for his health. A. WhereB. When C. WhyD. How 4. have you been in Chongqing? For five years. A. How manyB. How soonC. How muchD. How long5. are you always staying up so late these days? To prepare for my final exam.A. HowB. WhyC. WhenD. Where6. do you li
44、ke Huo Zuns Roll of Bead Curtain(卷珠帘)? Very much. You know I love songs that both have great lyrics and beautiful music.A. WhyB. HowC. WhenD. What 7. do you go to the sports club? At least once a week. A. How longB. How oftenC. How muchD. How far 8. people are there in your family? Three.A. How ofte
45、nB. How longC. How manyD. How much 9. are you going to School Uniform Exhibition, Amy? To learn about different styles of school uniform.A. WhatB. Where C. WhyD. Which10.We can invite our teachers to the farewell party next Saturday.Yes,?Ill call them at once. A. what forB. what C. why notD. why二、 句型转换1. Stephen had a very exciting trip last month.