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1、-情态动词和虚拟语气用法简表及总结-第 7 页情态动词和虚拟语气用法简表及总结项目作用may/mightcan/couldmustneedshould/ought towill/would表情态may/might“可以”,表准许。比较正式,更礼貌一点。侧重说话人给予的许可。may 祝,愿,表祝愿(主语和may要倒装)。 may/might as well do(=had better do)“还是为好;不妨”,表示建议或劝说某人。can/could“能(够)、会”,表能力。也可表许可,但更侧重客观情况的许可。固定搭配;can not/never betoo/enough“无论都不过分;越越好”
2、。cant but do=can choose but do=can do nothing but do不得不、只好做某事”must“必须”,表示主观上的必要性。(注:mustnt意为“不准;禁止;不可以”。must在一般疑问句中的肯定回答和否定回答.must还可表示一个人的固执态度,意为“偏要,非得要,一定要”)。need“需要”,表示必要性,常用于否定句和疑问句中。且只有现在时态。(注:need问句的肯定回答和否定回答。此时,need意为“必须”。)should/ought to“应该”,should表示按道理上应该。ought to表示按责任或义务上应该。语气更强。should还可表示“
3、竟会、竟然”,表示感到意外或惊异。will/would表示意愿或决心。will/would还可表示请求。但would的语气更委婉。另外,will/would还可意为“执意、坚持”,它也可以通过拟人化手段用到无生命体上。表推测may/might“可能”,表可能性。常用于肯定句。may/might well do“很可能做”。may(not) do“可能(不)做”,指实际上的可能性,表示对现在或将来推测may/might (not)have done“可能(没有)做过”,表示对过去的推测。can/could“可能”,表实际上的可能性,常用于否定句和疑问句。有时也可用于肯定,意为“有时会,可能会”,
4、表示理论上的可能性。can/could(not) do”(不)可能做” 表对现在或将来推测can/could(not) have done“可能(没有)做过”, 表对过去的推测。(注:can have done常用于否定句或疑问句。)must“一定”,表示有根据地比较有把握地推测。(注意:must在表推测句中的反意疑问句的用法。)must do“一定做”,只有肯定形式。表示对现在或将来推测。must have done “一定做过”,只有肯定形式,表示对过去的推测。无should/ought to“应该”,表示预测的可能性。should/ought(nt) to do”应该(没有)做”表示对现
5、在或将来推测;should/ought(nt) to have done“应该(没有)做过”, 表示对过去的推测。will/would“想必、料想”。 另外will“注定会,必定会”可表示规律。will总是、总要、常常、就会,表习惯性、重复性或典型性的动作。will/would (not)do“想必、料想(没有)做”,表示对现在或将来的推测;will/would(not) have done“想必、料想(没有)做过”,表示对过去的推测。表虚拟might(nt) do表对现在或将来虚拟。might(nt) have done “过去本(不)可能做过(而实际上相反)”,表示对过去的虚拟。 coul
6、d(nt) do表示对现在或将来虚拟。could(nt) have done“过去本(不)能够做过(而实际上相反)”,表示对过去的虚拟。 无need(nt) have done“过去本(不)需要做(而实际上相反)。表示对过去的虚拟 should(nt) do表示对现在或将来的虚拟。should(nt)/ought(nt) to have done“过去本(不)应该做过(而实际上相反)” 表示对过去的虚拟。would(nt) do表示对现在或将来的虚拟。would(nt) have done“过去本将(不)会做过(而实际上相反)”表示对过去的虚拟。补充:1.根据情态动词表推测的确信程度大小可作如
7、下排序: mustwillwouldought toshouldcancouldmaymight2.shall的用法: (1)shall用于一、三人称疑问句中,表示征求对方的同意或向对方请示。 (2)shall用于二、三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人的允诺、保证、命令、威胁、警告、决心或者法律规章上的指示和规定等。 eg: Shall I open the window? You shall get a new bike you want very much if you get the first prize in the coming exam.注:shall,will表示命令时的区别。sha
8、ll指法律、规章、制度上的“必须”。常用于正式文件中。will指责任、义务上的“必须”。常用于日常交际中。 eg:Each competitor shall wear a number. No one will leave the examination room before ten oclock.3should的用法:表意外,指说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外或惊异,意为“竟然,竟会”。表推测,指确定的或可能有的未来或希望,意为“应该”。表可能,常用在if条件句中,强调某事的可能性,意为“要是,万一”。eg:I am surprised that you should speak like
9、that. They should be ready by 12:00. If he should come,please let me know.4.would与used to的区别(1)二者都可表示过去重复的习惯动作。(2)表示过去的状态,只能用used to,不能用would.(3)used to强调过去与现在的对比,而would只表示过去习惯的动作,常与often、every day等状语连用。5含有情态动词的一般疑问句的肯定回答和否定回答。eg:-May I sit down? -Yes,please./Yes,you may.-Might/Could I use your car
10、tomorrow? -Yes,you may/can.或No,you mustnt/cant.No,Im afraid not.(注:向对方提出请求或建议时,could/might表示语气的委婉,但是在回答时,用can或may。)-Must we arrive on time? -Yes,you must./No you neednt.-Need(必须) I give up smoking? -Yes,you must./No,you neednt.(注:含有情态动词need的一般疑问句作肯定回答,需用must。)6will do既可以表示将来时,也可以表示一般现在时,表达习惯性、重复性的动作
11、。区别在于:一般现在时强调“描述性”,而will do强调“预断性”(即:动作如此经常发生,如此具有习惯性或重复性,以致我们可以预断它肯定会继续发生)。7can与be able to的区别:(1)can表示潜在的能力。只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。(2)be able to表示经过努力而成功地做某事,可用于多种时态。其中was/were able to表示过去有能力并且成功做了某事的能力。8.must与have to的区别(1)表示主观上“必须”。只有一种形式。mustnt意为“不准;禁止;不可以”。(2)表示客观上“不得不”。有时态、人称等方面的变化。dont have to意为“不必
12、”。9.must表示推测时的反意疑问句中的用法。He must be busy now,_?He must have been tired yesterday after a whole days work,_?He must have been tired ,_?10.dare的用法情态动词dare主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句,没有人称和数的变化,但是有时态的变化,过去式为dared。eg:How dare you say so?dare可用于习惯用语中。 I dare say我敢说;我认为,表示说话人有把握做出某种判断。11.may可以用于祈使句中,表达祝愿(其中may和主语常倒装)。e
13、g:May you be happy forever. May we never forget each other.may与can表示许可的区别 虚拟语气的用法一 含义:表示与事实相反或者实现的可能性微乎其微、几乎为零或者表示一种坚持、命令、要求和建议或者在固定句型中等。二 分类:一般虚拟语气和特殊虚拟语气。三 用法:一般虚拟语气的用法 遵循的原则:对一般现在时虚拟用一般过去时 对一般过去时虚拟用过去完成时 对过去完成时虚拟用过去完成时 对一般将来时虚拟用过去将来时表现形式:条件句中的虚拟语气。eg:If he were indoors,he wouldnt feel cold.wish后所
14、跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气。eg:I wish I were a bird. I wish she had taken my advice.would rather后所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气。eg:Id rather you paid the money yourself. Id rather she hadnt done that.If only(要是就好了;但愿)+句子中的虚拟语气。eg:If only I were a flying bird. If only I had seen the film. If only Mr. Wang were here now,you would not
15、be punished.as if/though,even if/though从句中的虚拟语气。(注:在as if引导的从句中,如果从句所说的内容是真实的或可能是真实的,应用真实语气;如果从句所说的内容与事实相反或非真实情况,应用虚拟语气。)eg:He talks as if he knew all about it. Even if he were here,he couldnt solve the problem. He talks as if he were drunk.含蓄虚拟条件句:介词短语without、but for、otherwise等可替代虚拟条件句,表达虚拟语气。注:在对b
16、e(am/is/are)动词虚拟时,一律用were来表示。eg:But for your help,we couldnt have succeeded. She wasnt feeling well,otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early. 特殊虚拟语气的用法 遵循的原则:从句一般用(should)+v原形来表示。 表现形式:一坚定二命令三要求四建议,后跟特殊虚拟语气作宾语。(注:insist如果坚持的是一种事实时,应用真实语气;如果坚持的是一种主张时,应用虚拟语气。suggest如果意为“暗示,表明”时,从句应用真实语气。)注
17、:这些动词所对应的名词形式也需用特殊虚拟语气。另外,对应的名词形名词idea等所构成的从句中也应该用虚拟语气。eg:He insisted that we (should) take our teachers advice.The manager demanded that Tom (should) finish it in a week. I suggest that you (should) have enough sleep.My idea is that we (should) have a meeting to discuss it together.Our decision is
18、that the meeting (should) be put off.在句型“Its important/necessary/essential/vital/proper/right/impossible/strange/natural/a pity/a shame/a surprise/an honor+that从句。”中,that从句要用特殊虚拟语气。eg:Its very important that we (should) think before we decide. 但在句型“Its strange(surprising/unthinkable,etc) +that从句”中,s
19、hould常译为“竟然”,表示一种不可思议的状况。eg:Its surprising that you (should) waste so much time.虚拟语气的特殊用法 在“Its (high)time +that从句”中,that从句可用一般虚拟语气或特殊虚拟语气(should不可省),但二者同时出现时,一般虚拟语气优先使用。eg: Its (high)time that he got rid of his bad habit.if在虚拟条件句中的倒装。 eg:If he came tomorrow,I would tell you as soon as possible. =If
20、 he should come tomorrow,I would tell you as soon as possible. =Should he come tomorrow,I would tell you as soon as possible. =If he were to come tomorrow,I would tell you as soon as possible. =Were he to come tomorrow,I would tell you as soon as possible. 在in case that (以免,免得),lest(唯恐,免得),for fear
21、that ,in order that,so that等引导的目的状语从句 中,that从句要用情态动词(could/might/would/should)+V原形,表示虚拟。 混合虚拟条件句: 当条件从句与主句所表示的时间并不一致,变为虚拟语气时,可根据它们各自的时态进行变化。 eg:If I had married her,I would be happy now. If you had taken my advice then,you wouldnt be in trouble now.Bring some more money in case you (should) use it l
22、ater. had hoped/planned/wanted/expected to do “本希望/计划/想要/期望”,可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。 eg:I had hoped to take his advice.But I didnt. The boy had meant to come in, but the teacher refused him. 在句式“主句主语+vt+that+从句主语+(should) do.”其中主句谓语动词主语urge(极力主张),prefer(宁 愿),desire(请求),maintain(主张),direct(指导)及以上这些动词所对应的其他形式要用虚拟语气。 eg:She preferred that nobody should come to see her.