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1、-A Brief History of English Teaching in China-第 8 页A Brief History of English Teaching in ChinaPart I. IntroductionThe learning of English in China, however, has a longer history and now occupies the attention of millions of it s people. How many million is hard to say, since much depends on the lev
2、el of proficiency one takes as the norm. But there are probably three hundred million actively engaged in the job of learning English.This paper includes four big parts, the beginning is a brief introduction for china English learning. Part two is the actuality of English learning in china. Part thr
3、ee is the reason that English introduction and learning widely in china. Last one part is a brief introduction of English teaching in china from Ching dynasty until now.Part II. The Actuality of English Learning in Resent China2.1 China Originally Felt No Need of The WestChina originally felt no nee
4、d of the West, in fact deliberately avoided all contact, for fear of cultural contamination. The bombing of the Chinese embassy during the Kosovo war was a terrible setback in relations which had been steadily improving.2.2 Formal Training in Interpretation Began as the Desire for Joining WTOHowever
5、, despite this, partly because of its desire to join the World Trade Organization (WTO),China has welcomed and listened politely to leaders of Western countries as they gave their views on democracy and human rights. The language in which President Clinton spoke, during his Visit to China, was of co
6、urse English. President Jiang Zemin made his replies in Chinese. But each was backed up by a team of first-class interpreters, who made smooth communication possible. Formal training in interpretation is comparatively recent in China. It was only in 1978 that the first object for Translators and Int
7、erpreters started at the Beijing Foreign Language Institute. The object subsequently developed into the prestigious school of translation in the Beijing Foreign Studies University. Part III. The Reason that Why We Learn English Chinas reasons for learning English were well summed up twenty years ago
8、 by a team from the U.S. International Communication Agency after visiting five cities and many educational institutions in China: The Chinese view English primarily as an ecessary tool which can facilitate access to modem scientific and technological advances, and secondarily as a vehicle to promot
9、e commerce and understanding between the Peoples Republic of China and countries where English is a major language.This basic motivation has not changed, as can be seen from the report of the English 2000 Conference in Beijing, sponsored jointly by the British Council and the State Education Commiss
10、ion of the Peoples Republic of China, in which reasons for the learning of English by Chinese were summarised:They learn English because it is the language of science, specifically perhaps of the majority of research journals. They learn it because it is the neutral language of commerce, the standar
11、d currency of international travel and communication. They learn it because you find more software in English than in all other languages put together.Part IV. Brief Introduction of English Teaching in China from Ching Dynasty until Now.4.1 English Language Learning Is Not Uniform Throughout ChinaTh
12、e story of English language learning is not uniform throughout China. Maley warns anyone embarking on a study of contemporary China about the difficulty of making sensible generalisation about it, since China is not one place geographically, But many. The learning of English in the Mountain ousprovi
13、nces near Tibet is very different from the way it is studied in the cities of Nanjing, Shanghai or Beijing. Nevertheless, there are sufficient general characteristics about the history of the learning of English in different parts of China to justify a brief review, if only to remind us of the pendu
14、lum swings of Chinas history this century. Those who wish to find the story more fully told may consult Dzau and Cortazzi and Jin. 4.2 English Teaching First Figured in 1902 and Learned from JapanAlthough there is mention of English language teaching (ELT) in China in the mid nineteenth century duri
15、ng the Ching Dynasty, it first figured in the syllabus of schools in 1902 in His Majestys Teaching Standards for Primary and Secondary Institutions .In those early days the model for education in China was that of Japan. The method of ELT was traditional, with emphasis on reading and translation. Th
16、ere was much grammar and vocabulary learning, with pronunciation learned by imitation and repetition. This was the norm for about the first twenty years of the century.4.3 Change of Direction and More towards Western ModelsIn 1922 there was a change of direction, with a swing away from the Japanese
17、system of education, and towards more Western models. Schools were obliged to follow the Outlines for School Syllabuses of the New Teaching System. These put more emphasis on listening and speaking skills. There was more use of the target language and of the new teaching resources offered by the mas
18、s media. The best schools tended to be Christian missionary schools, which gave more class-hours to English than other schools.4.3 China-the Founding Stop English Teaching in There1949 was a crucial date in the history of China-the founding of the Peoples Republic of China. Education had now to serv
19、e the proletarian purpose. All textbooks became vehicles for government propaganda, loaded with messages of service to the people and the mother land. The Ministry of Education issued a new Scheme for English Instruction in Secondary Schools in which the goal of English language learning was clearly
20、 stated as being to serve the New Republic. All capitalist thinking, especially educational ideas from the United States and Britain, were condemned as unpatriotic.The place of English was taken in school syllabuses（大纲） by Russian and by 1954 Russian had become the only foreign language taught in Ch
21、inese schools. This phase did not last long, however, since China was already trying to extend her markets throughout the world and immediately felt its lack of English. 4.4 English Teaching Restarted in Secondary Schools.Accordingly, in 1955 the Ministry of Education announced that English teaching
22、 should be restarted in secondary schools. In big cities, like Shanghai, it was also reintroduced at primary level. Initially the textbooks were based on the former Russian models, which, like their Japanese predecessors, were very traditional. Methodology too was backward: the teacher was seen as t
23、he provider of knowledge and the students dutifully as similated the teachers words of wisdom, working their way ploddingly through the textbook. However, in the late 1950s and early 1960s,a minor revolution in education took place in China, as the need to open up to the international scene became m
24、ore urgent. The importance of English was accepted and a significant step was taken in 1962 when English became part of the entrance examination for colleges and universities. New teaching materials appeared, with listening and speaking again given prominence. The Ministry of Education issued guidel
25、ines for textbook writers, recommending that English text books should include material on the culture of the English speaking countries. It began to look as though better days had come for ELT in China. 4.5 Swept Aside by the Cultural RevolutionBut it was not to be. With distressing inevitability.
26、The Chinese pendulum swung, and the progress made in the early 1960s was swept aside by the Cultural Revolution, which began in 1966 and lasted for ten dreadful years. English was. again banned from schools. Foreign language teachers were branded as spies. Some universities were closed, others were
27、subjected to re-education visits. Dow describes the situation thus:During the Cultural Revolution, when workers propaganda teams for the spreading of Mao Tse-Tungs thoughts came to Chinas colleges, classes were stopped altogether, and the students travelled instead all over the country in order to t
28、ake part in criticism and debate and to exchange revolutionary experiences.4.6 Happier Times were Ahead for China and for ELT in China After the Cultural RevolutionBy 1977 the Cultural Revolution had exhausted itself and the country with it. There is an old York shire saying:Theres not like religion
29、 when its bent. Those who lived through the Cultural Revolution in China would challenge that saying ,maintaining that distorted political ideology can be much worse than bent religion. However, happier times were ahead for China and for ELT in China. In 1978 the Ministry of Education held an import
30、ant conference on foreign language teaching. English was given prominence again in schools, on a par with Chinese and Maths. By the early1980s it had been restored as a compulsory subject in the college entrance exam. It has not looked back since then and the fervor for learning English has been fan
31、ned by Teach Yourself English programme on television, watched by hundreds of millions of people. 4.7 The Need for Both Social and Academic English Became ApparentAs China opened up more and Chinese scholars were allowed abroad, the need for both social and academic English became apparent. As marke
32、ts also opened up and more foreigners were allowed into the country to do business, the appetite for Business English among all levels of Chinese people has become insatiable. The Chinese are a diligent and intelligent race and are surely destined to make a significant mark on the history of the twe
33、nty-first century. Bibliography：Baidu the history of english languageBaidu the history of english language learning in chinaSogou The Actuality of English Learning in Resent China 目录摘要. .i Abstract.iiAcknowledgements. . .iiiTable of Contents. . . .ivPart I. Introduction1Part II. The Actuality of Eng
34、lish Learning in Resent China12.1 China Originally Felt No Need of The West12.2 Formal Training in Interpretation Began as the Desire for Joining WTO1Part III. The Reason that Why We Learn English2Part IV. Brief Introduction of English Teaching in China from Ching Dynasty until Now.34.1 English Lang
35、uage Learning Is Not Uniform Throughout China34.2 English Teaching First Figured in 1902 and Learned from Japan34.3 China-the Founding Stop English Teaching in There44.4 English Teaching Restarted in Secondary Schools.44.5 Swept Aside by the Cultural Revolution54.6 Happier Times were Ahead for China and for ELT in China After the Cultural Revolution54.7 The Need for Both Social and Academic English Became Apparent6Bibliography：7