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1、-句法结构之英语词性和句子成分-第 9 页英语句子以主谓结构为基本的句法结构十大词类与八大句子成分的关系(1)十大词类:据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用,把英语单词分为10个类别,就是10大词类:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。根据部分词类具有的共同特征,又将十大词类分为两大部分:实词:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。特征:具有完整的词义;能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。虚词:冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。特征:没有完整的意思;不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分,必须和实词搭配,才能充当句子成分。十大词类和八大句子成分实 词汉语名称英语名称用途例词在句子中作
2、用名词n.表示人或事物的名称boy, book, table, man主、表、宾、补、定、同代词pron.代替名词、形容词或数词I, you, it, we, their主、表、补、定、同数词num.表示数量和顺序one, two, twenty, third, fifth主、表、宾、定、同动词v.表示动作或状态work, works, working, worked, to work主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状形容词adj.修饰名词,表示人、物的特征red, long, old, good表、定、宾补副词adv.修饰动词、形容词或其他副词here, very, often, weekly表、状
3、虚 词冠词art.用在名词前,说明名词指的人、物a (an), the介词prep.表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系in, after, under, on连词conj.连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子and, if, but, because感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气oh, er, um,ouch(2)八大句子成分:句子成分:组成英语句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。英语的句子最多由八个句子成分组成,即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。主语:概念:句子的主体,发出动作的人或物,表示所说的是谁或是什么。位置:主语一般在句首,特殊句型中在句末(如用it充当形式
4、宾语,把真正的主语放在后面)。构成:由名词(短语)、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当。例:Henry is a good boy.亨利是个好孩子。To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。Driving to Beijing is not difficult.开车去北京不难。What has happened proves that our policy is right. 发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。谓语:概念:说明主语的动作、特征、状态等的句子成分,叫做谓语。位置:谓语动词通常位于主语之后,特殊句型(倒装句)位于主语之前。构成
5、:由动词或动词短语充当。动词分为:实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。(情态动词和助动词不能单独使用,必须和实义动词或系动词连用)实义动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.), 及物动词直接接宾语,不及物动词需加介词才能接宾语。连系动词(系动词后面的成分称为表语) :五类系动词:be动词(am, is, are, was, were, have/has been, had been)“保持”:keep,stay,remain“看起来像/似乎”:look, seem, appear“变化”:become, get, turn, go, grow, come, fall.感官动词:sme
6、ll, taste, sound, look, feel情态动词:can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should), will (would), dare, need, ought to等。情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。例如:We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们周一至周五上学。I must ask her to teach me to swim. 我一定得请她教我游泳。He took part in the meeting last Saturda
7、y.他上周六参加了会议。宾语:概念:动词宾语是动作的承受者。及物动词以及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。介词之后的宾语叫介词宾语。位置:动词宾语位于及物动词之后;介词宾语位于介词之后。构成:名词、名词化的形容词、代词、数词、-ing形式、动词不定式和从句等均可作宾语。例如:He wanted to buy that T-shirt.他想买那件T恤衫。They are having a party in the garden.他们正在花园里开聚会。I dont know when they will arrive.我不知道他们何时到达。双宾语:英语中,有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,动作的承受者
8、,即指物的叫做直接宾语,动作是为谁做的或是对谁做的,即指人的叫做间接宾语,这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。例:Pass me the salt, please. 把盐递给我。the salt(直接宾语), me(间接宾语)间接宾语后置:间接宾语也可以放在直接宾语的后面,这时候需要在间接宾语之前分别加两个介词:for或to.具体用哪一个介词,主要取决于句子的谓语动词。例:Ill lend you something to read. Ill lend something to read to you.我要借点什么东西给你看。I hope you will do me a favor. I hope y
9、ou will do a favor for me.我希望你能帮我做一件事。以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“to” 。give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, award, accord, grant, owe, refuse, deny等。以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“for” 。make, buy, do, fetch, get,
10、paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。宾语补足语:概念:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足语。英语中有些及物动词接了宾语之后还需接宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的有关情况,否则句子意思就不完整。位置:通常情况位于宾语之后。构成:可以做宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词以及介词短语等。例:You must keep the room clean and tidy.你必须保持房间干净和整洁。People saw him running away.人们看到他跑了。Let me
11、put this bag on the desk.让我把这个包放在桌子上。宾语补足语和宾语的关系: 由于宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明,因此,与宾语或是逻辑上的主谓关系,或是逻辑上的主表或动宾(即被动)关系。如:He made us laugh.他使我们哈哈大笑。 (We laugh. 我们笑。)表语:概念:用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态等的句子成分,是表语。位置:位于联系动词之后,与联系动词构成复合谓语。(系动词之后的成分成为表语。)构成:可作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语以及从句等。例如:Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲
12、。I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。定语:修饰名词概念:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子的句子成分,汉语中常用“的”表示。位置:单个词的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前,短语或从句位于所修饰词之后。定语后置情况:定语修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词(如:something、nothing)时,通常后置,即放在所修饰的词的后面。当不定式、分词短语作定语或从句作定语时,定语通常后置。构成:充当定语的词有名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词不定式(表将来)、介词短语、动名词、分词或分词短语(现在分词表主动/正在,过去分词表被动/已经
13、),以及从句。例:I still got much work to do.我还有很多工作要做。The woman in the blue coat is my mother.那个穿蓝色外套的人是我妈妈。What a sunny day! 多晴朗的天!Its about ten minutes walk from here.距这里大约步行十分钟。The boy you will know is Tom. 你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise.Tom, wearing beautiful cl
14、othes, followed me down the hill.I borrowed a book written by Mark Twain from the library.状语:概念:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分,称为状语。状语用来说明动作发生或存在的时间、地点、条件、让步、原因、方式、程度、目的、结果等。位置:状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。地点状语一般须在时间状语之前。一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almo
15、st)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。构成:可用作状语的有副词、动词不定式(短语)、分词短语、介词短语、名词以及从句等。例:The boy really needs a pen.男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(程度状语)You should often do exercise if you want to keep fit.若想健美,你就应该经常锻炼。(频率状语)He came to see me yesterday.他昨天来看我。(目的状语)She often works in her office till midnight.她经常在办公室工作到半夜。(地点状语)He
16、stared at me as if seeing me for the first time.(方式状语)同位语:概念:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列另一个名词或代词,对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语,对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释说明的作用,说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。位置:位于所补充说明的词之前或之后。构成:同位语通常由名词短语、数词、代词或从句担当。例如:Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.Mr.Johnson cares for us students very much.The Great Wall,
17、 one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句考点1. 简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如:He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws
18、pictures for the wall newspapers.(画线部分为并列谓语,只有一个主语,仍为简单句。)改错:It not only costs little money but comfortable.答案与解析:第一个谓语是实义动词cost,第二个是系表结构,应带be,因此要在comfortable前加is。考点2. 并列句改错:. He likes English, his English is very good. . His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. 当一个句子中含有两个简单句时,就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号
19、连接两个简单句是错误的。这时我们可以用and, but, or等并列连词来连接这两个句子;也可以用分号(;)来连接。此时,这两个简单句(此时也可称作分句)之间是并列关系,不能说一个分句作了另一个分句的什么成分。用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。上两句可以改为:. He likes English;his English is very good. (用分号连接) He likes English, so/and his English is very good. His wife was ill; he had to stay at home. (用分号连接) His wife was
20、ill, so/and he had to stay at home.考点3. 复合句A. 用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。还先看上面的两个错句:. He likes English, his English is very good. . His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. 我们还可以用从属连词来连接。这两句话可改为:. Because he likes English, his English is very good. When his wife was ill, he had to stay at home. 先看第一个句子。当用becau
21、se连接时,译为“因为他喜欢英语,(所以)他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”,“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的原因。因此:“his English is very good”是主句,“because he likes English” 是原因状语从句。同理,句修改后,前面分别为原因状语从句和时间状语从句,后面是主句。像上面这样,用从属连词连接两个简单句之后,一个句子是主要的(主句),另外一个句子(从句)是说明主要句子发生的时间、原因、条件等,这样构成的句子称为复合句。B. 一个句子如果含有从句,如名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等,这个句子就是复
22、合句。 The boy over there is my brother. (只有一个主谓结构,是简单句。) The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.(当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时,句子就含有两个主谓结构,一个是The boy is my brother,是主句;who is wearing a hat是the boy的定语,称为定语从句。who既作从句成分,又起着从属连词的作用。) I was doing my homework at six. (只有一个主谓结构,是简单句。) I was doing m
23、y homework when he came in.(I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构,he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语,是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句,when是从属连词。) It is wrong. (只有一个主谓结构,是简单句。) What he said is wrong.(what he said,是一个主谓结构。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构,What he said作主语, is wrong系表结构作谓语,因此,本句是复合句。What he said是主语从句;what既作从
24、句成分又起着从属连词的作用)考点4. 一个句子有两个主谓结构时,要考虑它们之间的连接问题直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构,那它就不是简单句了,要么是并列句, 要么是复合句。这时我们就要考虑连接词的问题。直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。可以从以下方面思考。改为并列句:我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来把它们连接起来。改为复合句:加上从属连词,把其中的一个分句改为状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。改为简单句:把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉,从而使其变成独立主格结构。改标点:把逗号改为分号(根据句意有时也可用冒号、破折号等)。I like Engli
25、sh , my English is very good. 改成:I like English and my English is very good. (并列句)As I like English , my English is very good. (含有原因状语从句的复合句)I like English ; My English is good. (用分号,分号相当于句号)I liking English , my English is very good. (把一个分句改为独立主格结构I have a house , its windows are very big. 改成:I have a house and its windows are very big. (并列句)I have a house , whose windows are very big. (含有定语从句的复合句)I have a house ; its windows are big. (用分号)I have a house , its windows being big. (后面为独立主格结构)