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1、-初中英语易混淆的词语辨析-第 35 页第一组spend/ take /costspend的主语通常是“人”，即“某人在花多少时间或金钱。”例句：1）The boy spends a lot of money.(in) playing computer games.（那个男孩花了很多钱玩电子游戏。）2)She spent lots of money on books last year.（去年她花费很多钱在书本上。）take前常以it作形式主语，作“做某事需要花多少时间。”It takes (人)时间 to do sth.1)How long does it take you to finis
2、h the work?（你需要多少时间才能完成那工作？）2)It took me an hour to repair my bike.（我花了一个小时修理自行车。）3)It takes a lot of courage to tell the truth.（说真话需要很大的勇气。）cost的主语通常是事物，即指 某物值多少钱需要多少时间某人花了多少钱使（某人）（丧失）（事/物）cost（人）时间/金钱1)The watch cost me two hundred yuan.（这块手表花了我200块钱。）2)Writing a novel cost plenty of time.（写本小说要花很
3、多时间。）3)The girls bad behavior cost her parents many sleepless nights.（那个女孩的不良行为使得她的父母许多夜晚睡不着。）注意：cost的过去式，过去分词都是cost。第二组：speak/say/tell/talkspeak说某种语言，说某人好、坏话是及物动词；发表讲话，对某人说话，是不及物动词。1)The students speak English very fluently.（这些学生英语说得非常流利。）2)The Prime Minister spoke on the international situation.（首
4、相就国际形势发表了演说。）3)She always speaks ill of others.（她总是说别人的坏话。）speak的习惯用语：Generally speaking 一般而言Frankly speaking 坦白地说Strictly speaking 严格地说not to speak of 且不说；更不用说1)Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman.（一般而言，男人比女人强壮。）2)We can speak English, not to speak of Chinese.（我们会读英语，汉语更不用说了。）say说出某句话或某件
5、事；后接从句，（但say与从句之间不能直接接人称代词或名词）；说明时间；书信、布告报纸上的“说”，习惯用法1)She said ,“I love you.”（她说：“我爱你。”）2)Say goodbye to them.（跟他们说再见。）3)She says she is busy.（她说她很忙。）4)My watch says 10:00 sharp.（我的表是十点整。）5)The paper says that there was a big fire in Shanghai.（报上说上海发生了一场大火）。6)It is said that she has been away for a
6、 month.（据说她已走了一个月了）7)It goes without saying that education is important.（不用说，教育是重要的。）8)Tom is a good student, that is to say, he gets good grades in school.（Tom是个好学生，也就是说，他在学校的成绩很好。） tell说谎；讲故事；说实话1)Dont tell a lie.（不要说谎。）2)She likes to tell stories.（她喜欢讲故事。）3)We should always tell the truth.（我们应该永远
7、说实话。） tell辨别；叫某人做某事；接“间接”与“直接”宾语；tell宾语that从句1)Sometimes we cant tell right from wrong.（有时我们无法辨别是非。）（他告诉我他要去那儿。）talk连续地说话；习惯用法1)What are the girls talking about ?（那些女孩们讲什么？）2)Young people like to talk politics.（年青人喜欢谈论政治。）3)I talked over the matter with her.（我与她谈论了那个问题。）第三组：take /bring/carry/fetchta
8、ke作“带去”“拿去”解；从近处把东西送到远处例句：1)Shell take her children to the park.（她要带孩子去公园。）2)Its raining, youd better take an umbrella with you.（下雨了；你最好把雨伞带上。）bring“拿来；带来”；从远处把东西拿到近外1)Bring the dictionary to me.（把字典拿给我。）2)Please bring your report with you when you come tomorrow.（明天你来的时候，请把你的报告带来。）carry作“携带，带去；搬运”解1
9、)She always carries a red handbag.（她总是带一个红色手包。）2)Please carry this TV set upstairs.（请把这台电视搬到楼上去。）fetch作“去取来，拿来；叫某人来”解1)The football is over there. Fetch it please.（足球在那边呢，请把它拿回来。）2)Fetch the police at once. Weve found the robber.（马上去叫警察来，我们已经发现那个抢劫的人。）第四组：wear/put on/ dresswear穿着，戴；留，表示“状态”是及物动词需加宾语
10、例句：1)She always wears a pair of glasses.（她总是戴着一副眼镜。）2)He wears a black jacket today.（今天他穿着一件黑色的夹克。）put on穿上，戴上，表示“动作”例句：1)The teacher put on his hat and went out of the office.（老师戴上帽子然后走出办公室。）2)Put on the gloves .Its cold outside.（戴上手套外面很凉。）dress作“穿着的衣服”解；给某人穿衣服不用写衣服例句：1)She is dressed in red.（她穿着红衣
11、服。）2)The mother dresses the child every day.（那位母亲每天给孩子穿衣服。）此句不能加衣服。3)She dresses herself in red.（此句等于第一个例句。）第五组：do /makedo“做”主要是用来表示“行动”“行为”，如do omelets是“把蛋卷煎好”。在do后面常加一些抽象名词，如do wrong（犯错）。“wrong”是抽象名词常与do搭配的短语有：do onesdo (the) somedo sb. a favor帮人忙do with利用；忍受；需要do away with废除do without用不着；不需要haved
12、o sb.do nothing but do除了做以外什么也没做do business做生意例句：1)Ill do the dishes today.（今天我来洗盘子。）2)Ive done my homework.（我已经做完了作业。）3)Crying does harm to you.（哭对你没有益处。）4)Will you do me a favor?（能否帮我一个忙？）5)We cannot do without a telephone in our business.（我们做生意没有电话是不行的。）6)The new teacher didnt know what to do wit
13、h the class.（新老师不知道如何对待他班上的学生。）7)I did nothing but watch TV last night.（昨晚我除了看电视以外什么也没有做。）8)Who does your hair?（平常是谁给你做头发的？）make“作”，表示“制造”，其后的宾语是make的产品。如make clothes 制做衣服；make后常跟一些可数名词常与make动词搭配的短语有：make amake anmakemake例句：1) They have make great progress in learning English.（在学习英语方面他们已经取得了很大的进步。）2
14、)Who is going to make a speech today?（今天谁来演说？）3)Dont make a noise.嘘！（不要出声。）4)She makes her living as a teacher.（她作教师来维持生计。）“看” look和see的区别 Hello, boys and girls. 今天向你们介绍两位新朋友look和see,这两个单词都有看之意,但表示的意义和用法却不同.look强调看的动作,提醒别人注意看,不强调是否看到。如:Look! Miss Wu is coming. 看!吴老师来了.look年纪大,视力不好,看不到面前的人或事物,必须给他配上一
15、副眼镜at,才能看到面前的人或事物。如:Look at the boy. 看这个男孩.Look at this map. 看这张地图.see 强调看的结果,意思是看见(到).see年纪小,视力好,能看到面前的人或事物。如:I can see him. 我能看到他.-Can you see the bird? 你能看见那只鸟吗?-Yes, I can. 是的,我能看见.小朋友们,你们现在了解look和see了吧!请做下面的练习检验一下好吗?用Look, look at 和see完成句子.1. _!This is my new pencil-box.2. Please _ the picture.
16、3. I can _ a car.4. Where are you? I cant _ you.5. Boys and girls,_ the blackboard.Key: 1. Look 2. look at 3. see 4. see 5. look atalready 和 yetalready和yet都可作“已经”讲already一般用在完成时态的肯定句中。Have you found your ruler yet？你已经找到尺子了吗？I have already seen the film我已经看过这部电影了。We have already read the book.我们已看过这本
17、书。already若用在疑问句中，常表示吃惊意外的语气。此时already常放在句末。如：Have you had your lunch already?)Have you finished already? (我以为你没有做完，表示出乎意料。)Well, have you forgotten already? Two weeks ago, it had a baby.yet一般用在完成时态的否定句和疑问句中。Have you found your ruler yet？你已经找到尺子了吗？still和yetstill和yet都有“还”、“仍然”之意. still表示“某事尚在进行中”，常用于肯
18、定句中，也可用在疑问句或否定句中，在否定句中须放在否定词not之前。yet表示“某事尚未发生或完成”，多用于否定句或带否定词的陈述句中。如：?/PThey were still neck and neck他们还是齐头并进。?/PDoes he still work in the factory？他还在那个工厂工作吗？?/PThey still havent got more money他们直到现在还是没有得到更多的钱。?/PHe has not yet begun to work他尚未开始工作。?/PHave you had your lunch？你吃过中饭了吗？?/PNo，not yet还没
19、有。She hasnt learned any English songs yet. 她末学唱过任何英文歌。a与one的“较量”Hello, boys and girls! a 与one 的“较量”非常激烈，我们去瞧瞧。 a和 one 都有“一”的意思。但a着重指类别，表示同类事物中的一个。one着重指数量。强调类别时，要用a不用one，强调数量时，要用one不用a。如：My sister is a teacher. 我的姐姐是一个老师。（此句不能用one）He has only one pencil. 他只有一只铅笔。（此句不能用a）除此之外，a 与 one还有以下不同，希望小朋友们特别注意
20、啊！1. 表示“每一”含义时，用a不用one。如：There are seven days in a week. 每一周有七天。2. 表示编号时，用one不用a。如：Grade One一年级, Class One 一班, Row One第一排。 怎么样？students，看了a 与one 的“较量”，你们觉得谁的“本事”大？千万不要忘了学“两招”啊！最后-花费-地上，泥土(2007-08-02 21:33:18)标签：知识/探索 分类：英语知识搜集库at last, finally, in the end 这三个词都有最后的意思，而且常常可以互换使用。at last意思是最后，往往表示经过一番
21、努力或曲折的过程之后的意思，也有某人一直期待的事情终于发生了之意。常常有较浓厚的感情色彩。如：At last, the owner of the house said they could stay in the barn. 最终房子的主人同意让他们在谷仓留宿。finally是副词，一般指一系列事物或论点的顺序，没有较强的感情色彩。如：Finally she went to see the famous man and told him everything. 最后她去拜访了那位知名人士并把一切告诉了他。in the end主要用于口语中，其意同finally，表示在(经过)一段时间的思考之后
22、的决定，如：In the end we decided not to buy it. 最后我们打算不买它了。real, truereal既是形容词又是副词，其意为真的，真实的，在作副词时与true在意义上的主要区别是：real指人的感官觉得某物像真的，多指真实存在的，而不是想象出来的。如：Was it real or was it a dream? 这是真的还是个梦？true既是形容词也是副词，意思是真实的，真正的，其意义与real的区别是：true的真实是建立在已知的事实基础上，指与实际相符，不是发明或编造出来的。如：This is a true story. 这是一个真实的故事。Is th
23、e news true? 这消息是真的吗？a movie based on a true story 一个以真实故事为背景的影片true与real在某些情况下也可以通用，如在表示一件事情的实际情况与真实情况不符时，true与real都可以用。如：Tell me the real/true reason why he resigned. 告诉我他辞职的真实原因。He seems quiet but reveals his true/real character on the football field. 他看起来很安静但是在足球场上却展现了他真实的一面。另外，在说到某事物时举例说他/它有其应有
24、的重要性质时，二者均可使用。如：She was his first real/true girlfriend. 她是他的第一个真正的女朋友。This job will be a true/real test of the new system. 这项工作将会是对这个新系统的一次真实的检验。spend;cost;take;pay;pay for解释一spend, cost, take, pay和pay for都可以翻译成花费的意思，但各自的含义不同。spend的主语必须是人，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on+名词或用(in)+动名词形式，不接不定式。如：He spends too much
25、 money on books.他平时将很多钱用在买书上。He spent a lot of money (in) buying a new car.他花了很多钱买了一辆新车。Every morning he spends half an hour on English.每天早晨他用半小时读英语。(句中on English可与(in) reading English替换)cost的主语必须是物或事，表示费用、耗费，后接life, money, health, time等，侧重于花费的代价。如：That one mistake almost cost him his life.那个错误几乎让他丧
26、命。The book cost him one dollar.这本书花了他一美元。It costs you twelve pounds to go to London by ship.乘船到伦敦要12英磅。Making experiments like this costs much time and labour.做这样的实验要花很多钱。take表示花费时，其主语一般是一件事，有时主语也可以是人，它说明事情的完成花费了。如：It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.我到邮局用了十分钟。It takes a lot of money to
27、buy a house as big as that.买一座像那样的房子要花很多钱。The journey took me three hours.这次旅行用了我三个小时。Painting the picture took me all week.画这幅画用了我整整一周的时间。说明：take. to do sth.句型侧重完成该动作花费的时间，而spend.doing sth.有时并不说明动作是否完成。如：It took him an hour to read the book.他用一小时读完了这本书。He spent an hour (in) reading the book.他用了一小时读
28、这本书。(是否读完并未说明)pay的基本意思是支付，作为及物动词，宾语可以是人和钱。如：He paid the taxi and hurried to the station.他付了出租车的钱，急忙向车站赶去。They had to pay two hundred francs.他们得付二百法朗。Well pay you in a few days.几天后我们会给你钱。pay for的宾语为物和事，for表示支付的原因。如：Youll have to pay me ten dollars a week for your meals.你每周得付给我十美元饭钱。解释二：take是动词，作花费讲，常
29、指花费时间，通常用于下列句型：It takes/will take/took sb some time to do sth.意为某人花费多少时间做某事，常用it作形式主语。如：It takes me an hour to walk there. 我步行到那儿需要一小时。spend为动词，意思是花费，多指花费时间或金钱。常用句型为spend.on.，指在某方面花费时间或金钱。如：Ill spend twenty yuan on an English book. 我将花20元钱买一本英语书。在某方面花费时间和精力也可用句型：spend.in doing.， in可以省略。如：I spent an
30、hour (in) doing my homework.我花了一小时做作业。pay为动词，意思是给报酬、付款，pay for (sth)意思是付钱，支付。如：I paid 100 yuan for the bike.我花了一百元买了这辆自行车。pay还有赔偿的意思。如：Im afraid Ill have to pay for the lost books. 恐怕我得要赔偿丢失的书。cost是动词，意思是花费，意义较为广泛，可指花费时间、金钱、劳力、精力等。如：1) The work cost us much labour. 这项工作消耗我们很多劳力。2) The book cost me f
31、ive yuan. 这本书花去我5元钱。earth, land, ground, fieldearth为名词，意思是地上(对应着sky)、泥土。前面用the，即the earth 指地球。如：They felt the earth shaking beneath their feet. 他们感到脚下的地面在颤动。当其为不可数名词时意为泥土。Well fill the hole with earth. 我们将用泥土填上这个洞。land为名词，意思是陆地，土地。表示土地的意思时，指可以耕种的田地或可以建筑的土地等，与field相同。表示陆地的意思时，与水泽和海洋相对。在诗歌中，land也可指国家或
32、地区。如：They are working in the land (field). 他们正在田地里干活。Which is the biggest animal on land? 哪个是陆地上最大的动物？Are you going by land or by sea? 你走陆路还是海路？The news quickly spread throughout the land. 消息很快传遍了全国。ground为名词，意思是地面、土地，指陆地的表面用the ground 。如：My wallet dropped on the ground when I was walking in the par
33、k. 我在公园散步时，钱包掉在了地上。field为名词，意为田地、田野，指可供种植、耕种农作物的田地。如：The children are working in a wheat field. 孩子们正在麦田里干活。a/anThatsright./Thatsallright./Allright.its,its(2007-07-30 15:00:39)I. a / anII. Thats right. / Thats all right. / All right.III. its, its【训练馆】I. 用a或an填空。1. Its_apple, not_cake.2. This is_pear.
34、 Thats_orange.3. Miss Gao is_English teacher. Mr Wang is_Chinese teacher.4. This is_bike. Its_old bike.II. 用Thats right., Thats all right.或All right.填空。1. Excuse me. Are you Li Ping?No, Im Li Lin.Sorry._2. What number is Zhang Hong?I think hes Number 5.Yes. _3. Thanks a lot._4. Lets go to school._ L
35、ets go.III. 用its和its填空。1. Whats this in English?_a cup.2. _a dog. _name is Bobo.3. Wheres my pen?_here.参考答案：I. 1. an, a 2. a, an 3. an, a 4. a, an II. 1. Thats all right. 2. Thats right. 3. Thats all right. 4. All right.III. 1. Its 2. Its, Its 3. Its8. 特殊词精讲 8.1 stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中断做某事后去做
36、另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终
37、止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)典型例题- The ligh
38、t in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3 remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing记得做过某事
39、(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.
40、我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing
41、 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。8.6 try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未
42、成功。8.7 go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕；be
43、afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想mean doing意味着