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1、-微生物名词解释-第 8 页GlossaryActinomycetes(放线菌，放线菌属) A group of filamentous, funguslike bacteria.active transport （主动运输） Nutrient transport method that requires carrier proteins in the membranes of the living cells and the expenditure of energy.adenovirus Noenveloped DNA virus; means of transmission is hum
2、an-to-human via respiratory and ocular secretions.aerobe （需氧微生物）A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aerobic respiration （需氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen (O2).agar （琼脂）A polysaccharide found i
3、n seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.AIDS（艾滋病） Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.algae（藻类） Photosynthetic, plant-like organisms which generally lack the complex
4、structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular, and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.Ames test（艾姆斯氏试验）A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally
5、 defective bacteria.ammonification（氨化作用） Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonia is released from decomposing organic material.anaerobe（厌氧性微生物，厌氧菌） A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.anaerobic respiration（无氧呼吸） Respiration in which the final electron accep
6、tor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc.antagonism（拮抗作用） Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.antibiotic（抗生素）A chemical su
7、bstance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.archaea（古生菌） Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology and genetics, and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea) the term refers to one of the
8、 three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.arthrospore （分节孢子）A fungal spore formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore （囊孢子，子囊孢子）A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.ascus（子囊） Special fungal sac in which haplo
9、id spores are created.autoclave（高压锅） A sterilization chamber which allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials. The most common temperature/pressure combination for an autoclave is 121and 15 psi.autotroph（自养生物） A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole s
10、ource of carbon is carbon dioxide.Bacillus（芽孢杆菌） Bacterial cell shape that is cylindrical (longer than it is wide).back-mutation（回复突变） A mutation which counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence.bacteria （细菌）Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan i
11、n their cell wails and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earths habitats.Bacteria (plural of bacterium) When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all non- archaea prokaryotes.bacterial
12、chromosome 细菌染色体A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material. Also called nucleoid.Bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacterium 杆菌属A tiny unicellular prokaryotic organism that usually reproduces by binary fission and usually has a peptidoglycan cell
13、wall, has various shapes, and can be found in virtually any environment.basidiospore（芽孢） A sexual spore that arises from a basidium. Found in basidiomycota fungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌属） A bacterium that preys on certain other bacteria. It bores a hole into a specific host and inserts itself between the p
14、rotoplast and the cell wall. There it elongates before subdividing into several cells and devouring the host cell.capsule蒴果 In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Chemoautotroph 华能自养生物An
15、 organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotroph.chemoheterotroph 华能异养生物Microorganisms that derive their nutritional needs from organic compounds.chemotaxis趋化性 The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gr
16、adient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).chitin 几丁质A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.chromosome 染色体The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites o
17、f genes.Clone无性繁殖 A colony of cells (or group of organisms) derived from a single cell (or single organism) by asexual reproduction. All units share identical characteristics. Also used as a verb to refer to the process of producing a genetically identical population of cells or genes.colony 菌落A mac
18、roscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single mensalism 共栖An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.conjugation结合作用 In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the tr
19、ansfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.death phase死亡期 End of the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes. Population of cells begins to die.decompositio
20、n 分解The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds, that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.diffusion 扩散The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distri
21、bution.diploid 二倍体 Somatic cells having twice the basic chromosome number. One set in the pair is derived from the father, and the other from the mother.direct, or total cell count 细胞计数1. Counting total numbers of individual cells being viewed with magnification. 2. Counting isolated colonies of org
22、anisms growing on a plate of media as a way to determine population size.endospore 内生孢子A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers.eubacteri
23、a 真细菌Term used for non-archaea prokaryotes, stands for true bacteriaeukaryotic cell 真核细胞A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.Eukarya 真核生物One of the three domains (
24、sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms.eutrophication 富营养化The process whereby dissolved nutrients resulting from natural seasonal enrichment or industrial pollution of water cause overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria to the detri
25、ment of fishand other large aquatic inhabitants.fermentation 发酵The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other produc
26、ts.fimbria 菌毛A short, numerous surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion.flagellum 鞭毛A structure that is used to propel the organism through a fluid environment.gene 基因A site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function. A specific segment
27、of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule.generation time 代时Time required for a complete fission cyclefrom parent cell to two new daughter cells. Also called doubling time.genome 基因组 染色体组The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism.Genotype 基因型 The genetic
28、 makeup of an organism. The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organisms phenotype, or expressed characteristics.Gram stain 革兰氏染色剂A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet- mordant retention, whereas gram
29、-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain.growth curve 生长曲线A graphical representation of the change in population size over time. This graph has four periods known as lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
30、growth factor 生长因子An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient.halophile 好盐菌A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth.haploid 单倍体Having a single set of u
31、npaired chromosomes, such as occurs in gametes and certain microbes.host 宿主Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 艾滋病病毒A retro virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).intron 内含子The segments on split genes of euc
32、aryotes that do not code for polypeptide. They can have regulatory functions. See exon.in vitro离体 Literally means in glass, signifying a process or reaction occurring in an artificial environment, as in a test tube or culture medium.in vivo 生物体内Literally means “in a living being,” signifying a proce
33、ss or reaction occurring in a living thing.Kochs postulates 科赫法则 A procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: ( 1 ) The agent must be found; (2) inoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals; (3) the agent must again be present in the
34、 experimental animal: and (4) a pure culture must again be obtained.lag phase延迟期The early phase of population growth during which no signs of growth occur.L form 缺壁细菌 L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals. These forms can be involved in infections.
35、lipopolysaceharide 脂多糖 A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever.log phase 指数期Maximum rate of cell division during which growth is geometric
36、in its rate of increase. Also called exponential growth phase.Meiosis 减数分裂 The type of cell division necessary for producing gametes in diploid organisms. Two nuclear divisions in rapid succession produce four gametocytes, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes.minimum inhibitory concentrat
37、ion (MIC) 最低抑菌浓度The smallest concentration of drug needed to visibly control microbial growth.minimum temperature 最低温度 The lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.missense mutation 错义突变A mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated int
38、o a protein, with varying results.mitosis 有丝分裂Somatic cell division that preserves the somatic chromosome number.mycelium 菌丝 菌丝体The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.Mycorrhizae 菌根 Various species of fungi adapted in an intimate, mutualistic relationship to plant roots.nitrif
39、ication 硝化作用Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonium is oxidized.nitrogen fixation固氮作用A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric N2 gas is converted to a form (NH4) usable by plants.nonsense mutation 无义突变A mutation that changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon,
40、leading to premature termination of a protein.nucleus 细胞核The central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.obligate 专性Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to gr
41、ow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.optimum temperature 最适温度The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate.parasite 寄生虫An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some d
42、egree of harm in the host.passive transport 被动运输Nutrient transport method that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell.pasteurization 巴斯消毒法Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, fo
43、llowed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.pathogen 病原体Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.phage 噬菌体A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria.phenot
44、ype 表型The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.photoautotroph 光合自养生物An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs.pill Small, stiff filamentous appendages in
45、 gram-negative bacteria that function in DNA exchange during bacterial conjugation.plasmids 质粒 Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. A plasmid is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not es
46、sential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria.polysaccharide 多糖A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides. Examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen.prion 朊病毒A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infect
47、ious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.prophage 原噬菌体A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.protoplast 原生质体A bacterial cel
48、l whose cell wall is completely lacking and that is vulnerable to osmotic lysis.protozoa 原生动物A group of single-celIed, eucaryotic organisms.pseudohypha 假菌丝A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.pure culture 纯培养A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known.Retrovirus逆转录酶病毒 A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genorne into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a hosts chromosome.reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶The enzyme possessed b