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1、-关系分句-第 5 页关系分句定语从句简介：关系分句即定语从句，是由关系词引导的分句结构。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即定语）。依据定语从句和先行项的语义关系：1、限制性定语从句 2、非限制性定语从句热身体验：1、限制性定语从句：缺少定语，作为先行项的名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。例如： He is the boy who damaged the vase.2、 非限制性定语从句：省略定语，先行项所指意义不受影响。例如：My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.限制性定语从句1、 限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿，在
2、书写中通常不用逗号。 例如 The man who did the robbery has been caught. The chair (which) i sat was a broken one. Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived? The reason why i was alone in the mountains is that i had a difficulty with my guide.2、 限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中： 2.1、当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时，其后的定语从句通常为限制性
3、定语从句。 She was a woman who must be treated decently. He spoke to me in a tone which i dont at all like. 2.2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时，其后的定语从句也必定是限制性的。 例如： He is the man who told me the news This is the car i bought last year. 2.3、当名词中心词带有 all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时，其后的定语从句也通常 是限定性的。例如： The first flame f
4、rom Rainbarrow sprang into the sky, attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distant conflagration.Any man who smokes cigarettes is, the doctors say, risking his health. Some friends that i made in colleges were more interested in grades than in learning.He has read almost every book on lingui
5、stics that he could get hold of in the library.No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.非限定性定语从句1、 这种定语从句在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。 引导词通常是who, whom, whose和which等wh-词，但也并不绝对排除that。 例如：The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The
6、chairmans daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that i used to meet at Dumdum.2、关系副词where和when也能引导非限定性定语从句。例如：Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap.Im seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from
7、 New York.3、 从语义的角度看，非限制性定语从句起着状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如：It is in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes. (这里的which.相当于for it.或as it.的意思，表示原因。）Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries, who will negotiate t
8、rade agreements with the respective governments. (这里的who will.相当于so that they may.的意思，表示目的。）He would be a rash man, who should venture to forecast the results of this event.(这里的who.相当于if he.的意思，表示条件。）Dr Lee, who had carefully read through the instruction before doing his experiments, could not obtai
9、n satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically.(这里的who.相当于through he.的意思，表示让步。）Exercise 1: combine each group of sentences into one containing a relative clause1、 You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.2、She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.3、There wasnt any
10、 directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.4、I was sitting in a chair. It suddenty collapsed.5、I missed the train. I usually catch this train, and i had to travel on the next. This was a slow train.6、Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of t
11、he other guests were wearing evening dress.7、They tie up parcels with string. This is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home.8、The boy was a philosophy student and wanted to sit up half the night discussing philosophy. Peter shared a flat with this boy.9、She said that
12、 the men were thieves. This turned out to be true.10、He paid me $ 1 for washing ten windows. Most of them hadnt been washed for at least a year.Exercise 211、 But he would have to be careful not to offend Crass, the foremen, for Crass could give him the sack at any moment. (who 替代for Crass，表示原因）12、He
13、 spread a rumour that the president was going to resign. The rumour led to a great confusion in the country. (which替代the rumour，表示结果）13、The Southern States rebelled and set up a state of their own so that they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. (.The Southern States rebelled and set up a state
14、 of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. )14、One day in 1906 when he was crossing a road, Pierre was run over and killed.(One day in 1906 when he was crossing a road, where Pierre was run over and killed.)15、Nothing is hard in the world for anyone, if he dares to scale the
15、heights.(Nothing is hard in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the heights.)16、He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, but it cannot be taught.18、 (He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, which cannot be taught.这里的which相当于让步，though the book cannot be taught.)1
16、7、Immediately the Israeli armoured units(以色列装甲部队） opened fire, killing four Lebanese military policemen and injured the fifth. The injured man later died of his wounds.(Immediately the Israeli armoured units(以色列装甲部队） opened fire, killing four Lebanese military policemen and injured the fifth, who la
17、ter died of his wounds.)18、The building was enormous, yet it had not running water.(The building was enormous, which had not running water. 这里Which.相当于though.，表示让步）在限定性定语从句中关系代词的选择 这里主要介绍在限制性关系分句中作主语、宾语和介词补足成分的关系代词的选择问题。1、 按照一般规则是用who/ that 指人，用which/that指物。例如：He is the man who lives next door to us
18、.He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.2、 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语，正式语体分别用whom, which 指人和指物；非正式语体用who, that指人， 用that指物，而且通常省略。例如：Where is the man who/whom/that i saw this morning?Is that the man who/whom/that you gave your tickets to?Where is the book which/that i bought this morning?Is that th
19、e address which/that you sent the telegram to?3、 关系代词作介词补足成分，在正式语体中介词通常前置，这时不管在限制性或非限制性定语从句中都用whom 指人， which 指物。例如：James Russell is a man for whom i have the greatest respect.It is a tribute in which the British-speaking peoples can share irrespective of party or class.在非正式语体中，通常后置，可用who/that指人，that
20、指物。例如：They are the boys (who/that) i went to school with.The case that) you are referring to is now closed.在非限定性定语从句中关系代词的选择 如前所述，在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who/whom/whose指人，用which指物。例如：The driver, who was very younge, had only just got his licence.This book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone thro
21、ugh several editions.在非限制性定语从句中，which的先行项还可以是上文整个的分句。例如：He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes, which-as you known-is rather a difficult thing to do.Which 还能指前面句子的一部分：I have known men far more able than Bowles, but not half so interesting, which is quite a different thing. 这里，which指的是上文部分内容
22、，即（men) not half so interesting (as Bowles). 以上文整个分句为先行项的关系代词which还可引导独立分句，这时which和that可以交替使用。例如：Every bottle of BUZZ (饮料名） has been tested in our laboratories. Which/that is why we are so sure of our guarantee.关系词的省略问题引导限制性定语从句的关系词在下列场合可以省略1、 当关系代词在分句中作宾语时：The table you just saw is made of plastics
23、.Tom is not the boy i gave the tickets to.The stranger i spoke of came again.2、 当关系代词that在分句中作补语时：Hes changed. Hes not the man he was.Its a puzzle to me what has made him the man he is.3、 当关系代词在分句中作主语时，只有当主句是由it is，that is， there is引导的场合才能省略：It isnt everybody can learn a foreign language so easily.T
24、hat was his brother just went by.There was someone asked for you, Bill.4、 三个关系副词when, where, why可以在the time when, the place where, the reason why结构中引导限制性关系分句，这通常用于正式语体；在非正式语体中，通常可以省略关系副词when和why：I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.I remember the morning (when) he first came to school.The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.也可以用介词后置的方法代替where：The room he worked in is now kept in good repair.Do you happen to know anybody in the university this dictionary was compiled at?