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1、-初中英语语法名词篇-第 7 页初中中考英语语法（名词篇）语法总述：名词篇：名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：专有名词普通名词国名,地名,人名,团体,机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠词，如Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由专有名词+普通名词组成，往往为并列关系。(2)定冠词，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容词+普通名词组成
2、。(3) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表
3、示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .4、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1. 规则名词的复数形式：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s,
4、x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dishdishes, 3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs（信仰，信念）, chief-chiefs（首领）, proof-proofs（证据）, roof-roofs（屋顶）4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-
5、cities, baby-babies5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, key-keys, way-ways6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos两者皆可zero-zeros /zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos（火山）7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-b
6、amboos（竹子）, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, toothteeth, foot-feet, goose-geese（鹅）, mouse-mice，child-children2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means（方法）3只有复数形式trousers（裤子）, clothes, thanks, goods, glass
7、es4部分集体名词既可以作单数（表整体）也可以作复数（表其中的人或者成员）couple, group, population, team, public, enemy, party, police警察, class班，同学, family家，家庭成员5复数形式表示特别含义times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)6表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes
8、, Europeans单复数同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8复合名词中心词变为复数a boy student- some boy students， an apple tree-some apple trees, a shoe factory- some shoe factories两部分都变为复数a woman singer-women singers, a man teacher-men teachers,10单复数意义不同fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 pape
9、rs报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 works作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子light光线 lights灯,people人 peoples民族,time时间 times时代, 次数chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡5、名词所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。三是双重所有格。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father,
10、Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, Jims bed , the mans wife复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, Childerns Day, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, the Smiths house, the students books, Teachers Day, a girls dormitory（宿舍）表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and
11、Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father, Lucy and Lilys bedroom名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。Whose pen is this? Its Toms. 这是谁的钢笔？是汤姆的。 The bike is not mine, but Toms. 这辆自行车不是我的，是Tom的。2. of所有格的用法：a. 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair
12、, the cover of the book, a map of the world , the windows of the room , the title of the filmb. 用于有生命的东西，尤其是名词较长时：the classrooms of the first-year students， the story of a hero 某些of所有格和s所有格可以互换：son of a poor peasanta poor peasants son一个贫农的儿子3. 双重所有格在意义上与one of.相似：1of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”a friend of my fat
13、hers(我父亲的一位朋友) =one of my fathers friends,a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)=one of my friends of前面的名词被a/an, some, several, no, few, another, all, many 等表数量的词修饰时，表示“某整体中的一部分”，强调部分与整体的关系名词专项练习( ) 1. She was very happy. She_in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D.
14、 makes few mistake( ) 2. We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3. _are used for cutting things. A. Knife B. Knives C. Knife D. Knives ( ) 4. What big_ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths . toothes( ) 5. Please remember to give the
15、horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 .-Can we have some _? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7. On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato( ) 1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information
16、D. stories ( ) 2. He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3. When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 .What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3.( ) 1. -Would you like_tea? -No, thanks. I have dr
17、unk two_. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 .He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 .I would like to have_. A. two glasses of milk B. two gl
18、ass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 4 .Can you give me _? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 5. Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 6 .John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two
19、pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4( )1 .-How many _ have you got on your farm? -Ive got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 .Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( ) 3. In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheep; foxes C. sheep
20、s; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( ) 4. A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5( ) 1. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3. Children should make_ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room填空foot mouse German Frenchman Canadian kniferoof Russian buswatch blouse babyholiday tomato photoradio life sheepman doctor