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1、Useful structure ( 30m ),the use of -ing form,一、动名词的形式,二、功能及用法(作主语),1作主语. 动名词作主语时,句子有三种形式: 动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。 1) 捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的. _ is something we should never do 2)学习新单词对我来说非常重要。 _ is very important for me 3)说比做容易。 _ is easier than doing.,Playing tricks on others,Learning new words,Talking,用形式主语it,把真正
2、的主语动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制,作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词,如useful,useless,good,fun;no use,worth等。如: 1) Its worth making the effort 这事值得去做。 2) 和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。 _ with Shylock 3)想再解释一次有好处吗? _ 4)跟你在一起工作是令人愉快的。 _,二、功能及用法(作主语),It is useless trying to argue,Is it any good trying to explain?,It is pleasant working with y
3、ou,在there be结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do ” 如: 1) There is no hiding of evil but not to do it 若要人不知,除非己莫为。 2)这种事开不得玩笑。 Here is _ about such matter. 3)无法知道他什么时候离开。 There was _ when he would leave.,二、功能及用法(作主语),no joking,no knowing,动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别: 动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作,不定式则通常表示具体的动作。如: 1)还是个
4、孩子的时侯,她就觉得探视病人是一种责任,也是一种愉悦。 As a child,she felt that _ was a duty and a pleasure 2)到美国人家里做客对我来说将是一个极好的经历。 _ in an American home will be a good experience for me.,二、功能及用法(作主语),visiting sick people,To be a guest,3) 一直不做就是作恶。 _is doing ill 4)他说:“继续这样下去是无用的。” He said,“To go on like this is no use” 5)我很荣
5、幸被邀请参加这个晚会。 Its an honor for me to be invited to the party,在实际运用中,一般两者可以互换,差异不大,但下列情况不能互换,Doing nothing,二、功能及用法(作主语),常用-ing形式作主语的句型有: It +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的 It is/was no good/use doing 做是没用处的 It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得 It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的 There is no
6、 doing 无法, 不允许 There is no sense in doing 做没有道理 There is/was no use doing 干无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比更糟的 There is/was no point doing 干无意义,二、功能及用法(作主语),我们不知道要去哪儿。 There was no knowing where we would go. 做这件傻事毫无意义。 _,注意:There is no need to do sth 干没必要,在此句式中to do 不可换为doing. 没有必要告诉她。
7、_,而在Its important / Its necessary / Its advisable / Its essential / Its fitting 这类句型中,只能用不定式,如: Its important to learn foreign languages. Its quite necessary to read it many times.,There is no point doing such a silly thing.,There is no need to tell her.,二、功能及用法(作主语),提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有
8、格构成。 1) 我姐姐病了,使我很担心。 My sisters being ill made we worried. 2) 你正确未必就意味着我错了。 Your being right doesnt necessarily mean _.,my being wrong,二、功能及用法(作主语),动名词作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语;二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannot help,imagin
9、e,mind,miss,practise,cannot stand等。如: 1)我不能不去。 I cant avoid going 2)你是否考虑过找一位挚友? Have you considered _ one special friend?,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),looking for,3)我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。 We must try to _ the same mistake 4)晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗? Do you _ with me after supper? 5)人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。 People _ foolish man 这类动词还有:excuse
10、,fancy,give up,put off,risk等。,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),avoid repeating,feel like having a walk,couldnt help laughing at that,既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget,remember,hate等。 A在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后,用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,动名词表示泛指的动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作。 B在begin/
11、start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义无甚区别,尤其是当主语是人的时候。 C在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生,不定式表示后于谓语动作,如:,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),I remember posting the letter 我记得我已把信寄了。 2) Ill remember to post the letter 我会记着去寄信的。 3) I shall never forget seeing the famous writer _ 4)Dont forget to write to your
12、mother _ 5) 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。 _ 6) 我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。 _,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。,不要忘了给你母亲写信。,I regret missing the report,I regret to say I cant take your advice,D在try,mean之后,意义各不相同,如try to do (设法),try doing (试试),mean to do (打算,有意要做),mean doing (意思是,意味着)。如: 1)我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。 We must try to get ever
13、ything done in time 2)我们用别的方法做这工作试试。 Lets try doing the working in some other way 3) I didnt mean to make you angry _ 4) Your plan would mean spending hours _,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),我并不想叫你生气。,你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。,E go on doing 和go on to do go on doing继续做一直在做的事;go on to do接着做另一件事。如: 1) 请接着做这同一个练习。 _ the same exer
14、cise 2) 请做另外一个练习。 _ the other exercise Fstop doing与stop to do: Stop doing停止做,stop to do停下正在干的事去干另一件事。如: 我们停止了交谈。_ 我们停了下来去谈话。_,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),Please go on doing,Please go on to do,We stopped talking,We stopped to talk,3作介词宾语. 动名词可与介词一起构成介词短语。A介词+动名词,如: 1) 我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。 Weve got to think of ways of
15、changing peoples habits. 2)我向你道歉,刚才对你那样生气。 I apologize _ so angry with you. 3)离开几年之后再回到你生长的地方,感觉有点怪。 _ away for several years,it is a strange experience to return to the place you were born and brought up,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),for being,After being,B动词+介词+动名词,如: 1)我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。 I insist on taking proper
16、 food fort his expedition 2)同学们脸上没有笑容,相反都做了怪脸。 _,each of them made a face 她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。 She was very _ for our company 下列短语中的to都是介词,所以后面跟名词或-ing形式:devote to,object to,pay attention to,get down to,lead to, look forward to,stick to,be used to等,二、功能及用法 (用作宾语),Instead of smiling,interested in working,1
17、. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.( 2004全国 ) A. Having suffered B.Suffering C. That D. Suffered,精析:根据句意“it may now be too late to ” 和 “already”可知“河流已经被严重污染”,应用完成时。答案A。,高考链接,2. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the
18、operation. ( 全国2002)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,解析:本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。分析题干,前一部分相当于一个条件状语从句,即If he is given ,因为主句是 it,从句应含被动意义,这恰是过去分词作状语的基本含义即含被动意义。答案 A。,3. - The picture _ on the wall is painted by my niece.( 2001上海) having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,解析:本题考查过去分词作定语的用法。分析题目
19、可知,谓语是is painted,那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式,其一般不作定语,只作时间或原因状语;C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语,只作谓语;分析 the picture与动作 hang之间的关系,其不含被动意义,D项排除; B项是现在分词的一般式,相当于定语从句which is hanging。答案B。,3. - The picture _ on the wall is painted by my niece.( 2001上海) having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,解析:本题考查过去分词作定语的用法。分析
20、题目可知,谓语是is painted,那么选项部分应是充当定语的。A项是现在分词的完成式,其一般不作定语,只作时间或原因状语;C项动词“第三人称单数”显然也不能作定语,只作谓语;分析 the picture与动作 hang之间的关系,其不含被动意义,D项排除; B项是现在分词的一般式,相当于定语从句which is hanging。答案B。,see you,1. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.( 2004全国 ) A. Having suffered B.Suffering C. That D. Suffered,2. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. ( 全国2002)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,3. - The picture _ on the wall is painted by my niece.( 2001上海) having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung,