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1、-新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版-第 73 页L1 Finding fossil manWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas-
2、legends handeddown from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now liv
3、ing in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends
4、 to help them to find out where the firstmodern men came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long
5、ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.New words and expressionsrecount /rikaunt/ v.叙述 / reikaunt/ 再数一次record / rekd/ /ri kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复describedepict： a little emotionalnarrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。portr
6、ay：描述saga /sa:g/ n.英雄故事 描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事legend /ledVnd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthrop：人 philosophere :philosopher|爱智慧哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 leave me rot.leave m
7、e along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your tracei follow where you gopolynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wifeflint /flint/ n
8、.燧石 flinting heartedfossil / fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north africfar east 非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart: two things or two people have the s
9、ame positionoral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民 ）migrant ）immigrantv. migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body peoples 民族 if they had any: 即便是有hi
10、s relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves howeveranywhere you want ,加逗号but,yet不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentencetherefore自由so自由 tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备 shape:成型；教育，改造may also ha
11、ve:表推测 peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮 without (any) trace:无影无踪L 2 Spare that spiderWhy, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in th
12、e world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike som
13、e of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or ourbelongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders a
14、re engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy
15、for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year woul
16、d be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分 herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboythrong and crowd swarmowe vt.感激欠 i owe you
17、. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issueoblige indebt appreciate-常用口语词 正式：grateful thankfulbeastn 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容 creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性Fraction小部分 分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon ones behalf 代表利益Ibeatyouonyouronbehalfofsomebody/somethingonbehalfofchinesegovernmentonbehalfofrepresentauthority/
18、C:WCriti/authorize批准authoritative权威性的authoritarian独裁的tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者dictatorial独裁的authorities权威（可单数可复数）当局（复数）census/senss/thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.censor审查censorious挑剔的，挑刺的acre/eik/acresquaremetersfootballpitch足球场footballyardfootballcourtfootballfieldbecontentwith满足于满足作表语，不能出现定
19、语结构Heiscontentwithstatusquo.contentedheart:心满意足的人spare/spZ/v.不伤害，宽恕sparemeHedoesntsparehimself.Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.(sparenoefforts:不遗余力作什么)Notesonthetextwhy,youmaywonderyoumaywonderwhy插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构youmaywonderwhyspidersshouldbeourfriends？插入语位置不固定why以疑问句开头why,youmaywonder,theproblemofpol
20、lutionbefallshumanbeings.why,youmaywonder,oneofmyfriendsissokindhearted.destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tearintopiecesgreatestenemies:天敌dyingenemycryingenemydearenemyhumanrace:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible和possible永远不要以人开头Itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething.likely可以以人做主语。iamlikelytogo.probable也不以人做主
21、语theywould表示假设devour狼吞虎咽devourthefoodmakeacakeofmyselfmakeagodofmyselfdevourthebookit虚拟语气前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时Ifitwerenotfor:如果这不是因为Iwouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforhistimelyhelp.butfor一定是虚拟语气ifitwerenotforowe感激，欠ioweyou.引出主题allofthemputtogether:把他们堆到一起谓语动词是killdestroyed后置定语，重心转到spiderL 3
22、 MattonhornModernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenatta
23、inedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal-thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficu
24、ltitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsol
25、d,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould-sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingse
26、ven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed.Newwordsandexpressions1、alpinist(1.1)/$lpinist/n登山运动员climbermountaineer词根：alp-Alps(1.16)/$lps/n阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine(1.9)/$lpain/adj阿尔卑斯山的2、attain(1.4)/+tein/v到达togettotoarriveat/intoattainonesgoal=realizeto
27、attainthetop/peak/summit达到顶点attainyouth永葆青春attainment(n)attainments成就accomplishment3、perilous(1.5)/peril+s/adj危险的peril（随时可能出现的）危险avalanche雪崩4、shudder(1.5)/M)d+/v不寒而栗shudder:quickandsuddentremble:longandveryobviousquiver:excitement,maybecoldshiver:coldandnervous5、gooutofonesway专门bytheway顺路toomuchform
28、e受不起6、court（multiplemeanings多义词）1）朝廷朝臣courtier2）courteous彬彬有礼的3）法庭4）娱乐场足球场soccer/footballcourt高尔夫球场golfcourt5）追求6）招致骄兵必败pridecourtsfailure7、solitary(1.6)/s&lrt+ri/adj唯一的sol-独solo独唱独奏solitude孤独Iliveinsolitude.=Ilivealonelylife.8、pioneer(1.2)/?pai+n+/v开辟，倡导；n先锋，开辟者9、impoverish(11.9-10)/$mp&v+rM/v使贫困po
29、or（口语词）罗素名言：Agreatmanymanwillcheerfullyfaceinpoverishmentiftheycansecurecompleteruinfortheirrival,hencepresentleveloftaxation.许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。10、coarse(1.12)/k&:s/adj粗劣的coarsethroat嗓子哑sorethroat嗓子发炎coarsefare粗粮refinedfair细粮coarseandrefinedinacoarsemanner粗暴无礼11、boast(1.12)/b+ust/v
30、自恃有用法：以人作主语，夸耀；以物作主语，拥有Heboastedthatofhisknowledge.Thecenterboastsateamofhighqualify(qualifiedresearchers.)12、parishioner(1.13)/p+riM+n+/n教区居民parish教区13、shepherd(1.14)/Mep+d/n牧羊人sheepshep羊herd兽群14、linen(1.15)/linin/n亚麻布床单Notesonthetext1、Route路线Road道路2、goodsports:stimulus刺激thrilling震撼、兴奋3、regardregar
31、dsbwithsth(感情词lovehatredhorrorrespect)Dad,Iregardyouwithhorror.爸爸，我很害怕你。4、pineeringdays,ancient(先人时期)5、notatall根本不case这回事6、bedoing表达当时的行动（状态）7、top:顶点summit山顶peak山顶Thesceneryisatthepeakofthemountain.无限风光在险峰。Iamatthetopoftheworld.我在世界之巅。Summitmeeting峰会8、attain到达conquer征服9、beofthemostperilousnaturenatu
32、re特点、特性themostperilousdifficultiesanddangers学会beofthe+adj+noun结构Heisthekindestman.=Heisthemanofthekindestman.10、equipped表示当时的一种伴随。11、inamanner以这样的方式12、makesbdosth(省to结构)13、atthethought一想到，mention一提到,idea一想到这个结构后面加介词of原文即atthethoughtoftheirpoorequipment14、gooutofonesway刻意intentionallyeyecatching引人注目的
33、15、thereallivingconditions真实生存状况16、nowadays插入语，现在回想起来，可在句首、句末17、exceptfor把其中的一部分扣除18、tendtobe倾向于19、settlement生存地、驻扎地20、cutoff=whicharecutoff21、flearidden跳蚤22、astheywere可以这么说，插入语还有asitwereThisbookis,asitwere,hislifeportrait.这本书，可是说，是他的人生写照。23、local当地的24、wine低度酒alcohol酒精alcoholic酒鬼25、boast拥有priest牧师sh
34、epherd牧羊人invariably=allthesame26、dirtandpoverty，andveryuncomfortable（结构不符合习惯，不可学）27、course一道菜28、musthavebeen表推测29、beaccustomedto,beusedto+名词、动名词IamusedtothelifeinBejing.IamusedtolivinginBejing.30、早餐：scratchameal中午餐：snack快餐晚餐：dinner31、thechangetoEducationbringsgreatchangetohisoutlook/viewonlife.教育使他的
35、面貌（对生活的看法）产生了很大变化。L 4 Seeing HandsIntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfingers,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin
36、,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.Verascurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientific
37、researchinstituteinthetownofUIyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachildsgameofLottoshewasabletodescribet
38、hefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheab
39、ilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.ltwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.Newwordsandexpressions1、Perceive察觉，瞬间感觉到的tomakeout费尽心机辨出Ilookedthoroughlyformyelderlymother,finallyImakeherout.Yeah,Iremembered,Ifinallymakehimout.Iperceiveaflyinm
40、yteacup.2、elbowonesway(用肘)挤出elbowoneswayoutoftheL5 No Room in the ArkThegorillaissomethingofaparadoxintheAfricanscene.Onethinksoneknowshimverywell.Forahundredyearsormorehehasbeenkilled,captured,andimprisoned,inzoos.Hisboneshavebeenmountedinnaturalhistorymuseumseverywhere,andhehasalwaysexertedastrong
41、fascinationuponscientistsandromanticsalike.Heisthestereotypedmonsterofthehorrorfilms andtheadventurebooks,andanobvious(thoughnotperhapsstrictlyscientific)linkwithourancestralpast.Yetthefactisweknowverylittleaboutgorillas.Noreallysatisfactoryphotographhaseverbeentakenofoneinawildstate,nozoologist,how
42、everintrepid,hasbeenabletokeeptheanimalundercloseandconstantobservationinthedarkjunglesinwhichhelives.CarlAkeley,theAmericannaturalist,ledtwoexpeditionsinthenineteen-twenties,andnowliesburiedamongtheanimalshelovedsowell.Butevenhewasunabletodiscoverhowlongthegorillalives,orhoworwhyitdies,norwasheabletodefinetheexactsocialpatternofthefamilygroups,orindicatethefinalextentoftheirintelligence.AllthisandmanyotherthingsremainalmostasmuchamysteryastheywerewhentheFrenchexplorerDuChaillufirstdescribedtheanimaltothecivilizedworldacenturyago.TheAbominableSnowmanwhoha