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1、-Unit 2 Words and Expressions1 When the going gets tough, the tough take accounting. (Para. 1)Meaning: When conditions or situations become difficult, determined people choose to study the subject of accounting, hoping they can more easily find a job in the future.when the going gets tough: when the
2、 situation becomes difficult 当形势变得严峻时e.g. When the going gets tough, women can get as tough as men. 当形势变得严峻时，女人可以变得跟男人一样坚强。accounting: n. U the work of accountants or the methods they use 会计；会计学e.g. Students major objective is to be financially well off. Accordingly, today the most popular course is
3、 not literature or history but accounting. 学生的主要目的是在经济上富裕。因此，当今最流行的课程不是文学或历史，而是会计。take accounting: choose to study the subject of accounting 选择学会计2 When the job market worsens, many students calculate they cant major in English or history. (Para. 1)Meaning: When there are fewer job openings, many co
4、llege students make a judgment from the situation and think they cant study English or history as their major.Meaning beyond words: Many students will not take the classes that wont help them locate a decent job later.major in: (AmE) study sth. as your main subject at college or university 主修（某一）科目e
5、.g. The high demand for persons with knowledge about computers is why I chose to major in computer science at the university. 对具有电脑知识人才的高需求是我选择在大学主修计算机科学的原因。3 They have to study something that boosts their prospects of landing a job. (Para.1)Meaning: They have to study something that improves their
6、chances of success in finding a job.boost: vt. increase or improve sth. to make it more successful 促进；推动；使兴旺e.g. Some countries hope that warmer weather and more rain will boost their farm output. 一些国家希望更温暖的天气和更多的降雨能提高他们的农业产量。prospect: n. C, U sth. that is possible or likely to happen in the future,
7、 or the possibility itself 可能的事情；很可能发生的事情；前景e.g. Career prospects in science and technology are virtually unlimited. 科技类职业的前景几乎是无可限量的。4 The data show that as students have increasingly shouldered the ever-rising cost of tuition, they have defected from the study of the humanities and toward applied
8、science and “hard” skills that they bet will lead to employment. (Para. 2)Meaning: The facts and information show that as students have spent increasingly more money on tuition, they have turned away from the humanities to some practical courses that they believe will enable them to get a job more e
9、asily.defect:vi. leave a country, political party, or organization to go to another one 背叛；叛逃e.g. He defected from the party in the late 1970s.他在20世纪70年代后期背叛了该党。n. C a fault in sb. or sth. 缺点；欠缺；不足之处e.g. Stammering is probably an inherited defect. 口吃可能是一种遗传缺陷。Usage NOTE defect, deficiency1 在表示“人的缺点，
10、设计制造方面的缺点或缺陷”时，名词defect和deficiency的词义相近。例：physiological defect / deficiency 生理缺陷The new car had to be withdrawn from the market because of a mechanical defect. 这款新汽车因有机械缺陷，必须被撤出市场。The deficiency of this plan is very clear, so it cant possibly succeed. 这项计划的缺陷是很明显的，所以它不可能成功。2 但表示“ 缺少；不足”（shortage）时，只
11、可用deficiency。例：There are serious deficiencies in the number of suitable aircraft. 符合要求的飞机数量严重不足。During the war children suffered from a deficiency of food. 战争期间孩子们遭受了缺乏食物之苦。applied: a. (usu. before noun) used for describing educational subjects when they are studied for their practical uses （学科）应用的，
12、实用的e.g. Industry leaders want scientists to engage in basic research, not applied research.产业领导者们希望科学家们从事基础研究，而不是应用研究。5 In other words, a college education is more and more seen as a means for economic betterment rather than a means for human betterment. (Para. 2)Meaning: In other words, a college e
13、ducation is more considered as a method to improve students future economic status rather than improve human nature or behavior.Meaning beyond words: The quality of a college education is increasingly questionable because the trend among many colleges is to become more like a business and less like
14、an academic setting.6 This is a trend that is likely to persist and even accelerate. (Para. 2)Meaning: Very likely, the trend will continue to exist and even go faster than ever.persist: vi.1) (fml.) continue to exist 继续存在；持续e.g. If the bad weather persists, the farmers will suffer great losses this
15、 year. 如果恶劣天气持续，农民今年将遭受巨大的损失。2) continue to do sth., although this is difficult, or other people oppose it 坚持；执意e.g. Students must persist in their efforts if they wish to do well. 学生如果想取得好成绩就必须坚持努力。Usage NOTE persist, insist1 persist 可用于表示“ 继续存在；持续”, 尤其用于不好的事情，而insist没有此意。例：Contact your doctor if t
16、he cough persists. 如果咳嗽持续，请联系您的医生。2 persist和insist容易混淆主要是当两者均表示“坚持”时。persist 用于表示“坚持”时， 表示“坚持反复做同一件事”，后接介词in，多用于褒义，指“坚持继续做某事”，有时用于贬义，指“不听劝告；顽固坚持”。例：Her mother tried to persuade her to go to bed early, but she persisted in working until the small hours.她的母亲劝她早点睡，但她仍坚持工作到凌晨。He persisted in drinking ev
17、en though the doctor had told him that it did harm to his body. 即使医生告诉他饮酒伤身，他仍坚持饮酒。insist 用于表示“坚持”时，表示“坚持做某件事（尤指麻烦或令人讨厌的事）”，后接介词on。例：She insisted on washing her hair just when I wanted to have a bath. 当我想泡个澡时，她还在那洗头。3 insist 还可用于表示“ 对意见、主张等的坚持”。insist用于此意时，后可接介词on，也可以接that引导的从句（是否用虚拟语气，视情况而定，即看从句内容是
18、否为事实），而persist无此意。例：They insist on having a job done well no matter how much time is required. 他们坚持无论需要多少时间都要将工作做好。The doctor insisted that she (should) take the medicine, but she insisted that she was not ill. 医生坚持让她服此药，但她坚持自己没病。accelerate: v. happen or make sth. happen at a faster rate（使）加快；促进e.g.
19、 Human activities can cause or accelerate permanent changes in natural systems. 人类的活动可能导致或加速自然系统的永久变化。7 Over the next few years, as labor markets struggle, the humanities will probably continue their long slide in succession. (Para. 3)Meaning: For the next few years, as the going gets tough with lab
20、or markets, the subjects of the humanities will continue to shrink and worsen for a long time each year.in succession: happening one after the other without anything different happening in between 连续发生地；接连发生地e.g. She is an accomplished athlete and won the championship four times in succession. 她是一名成
21、功的运动员，连续四次获得冠军。8 There already has been a nearly 50 percent decline in the portion of liberal arts majors over the past generation, and it is logical to think that the trend is bound to continue or even accelerate. (Para. 3)Meaning: Based on the fact that there already has been about 50 percent decr
22、ease in the number of students majoring in liberal arts over the past years, it is reasonable to think that the trend will surely continue or even speed up.liberal: a.1) ( arts) school or college subjects that give students a general education and teach them to think rather than those subjects that
23、develop practical skills 文科e.g. The liberal arts are college or university subjects such as history, languages and literature but not sciences. 文科是学院或大学的如历史、语言和文学之类的学习科目，而不是理科学科。2) accepting different opinions and ways of behaving and tending to be sympathetic to other people心胸宽广的；开明的e.g. She is kno
24、wn to have liberal views on divorce. 人们知道她对离婚持有开明的观点。bound: a. ( to) sth. that is bound to happen will almost certainly happen 一定的；几乎肯定的e.g. The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.明天的天气肯定更好。9 Once the dominant pillars of university life, the humanities now play little roles when students take t
25、heir college tours. These days, labs are more vivid and compelling than libraries. (Para. 3)Meaning: The humanities that once dominated university life now play a trivialrole when students have their college visits; nowadays, labs are more eye-catching and fascinating than libraries.Meaning beyond w
26、ords: Libraries were once the only place where students spent much time reading materials, doing research and writing papers. However, as more students are taking science courses, labs where students do scientific experiments play a more important role for learning than traditional libraries.dominan
27、t: a. more important, powerful, or successful than the other people or things of the same type 有优势的；占统治地位的e.g. Unemployment rate will be the dominant issue at the next president election. 失业率将是下次总统选举中的主要话题。pillar: n. C1) a very important part of a system of beliefs or ideas （信仰或思想）非常重要的部分e.g. Equali
28、ty is one of the pillars of a stable society. 平等是一个稳定社会的支柱之一。2) a thick strong upright post that supports part of a building 柱子；支柱e.g. Eight massive stone pillars supported the roof. 八根巨大的石柱支撑起房顶。compel: vt. force sb. to do sth. 强迫；迫使e.g. As a school boy, he was compelled to wear shorts even in wint
29、er. 当他还是一个在校的小男孩时，即使在冬天他也被迫穿短裤。Usage NOTE compel, oblige, force这三个词都有“强迫”之意，但程度不同。1 compel 表示“强迫；迫使”，指“运用权力、力量迫使对方做某事”，尤其在被动语态中含“别无他法；不得不做”之意，compel的意义比force弱。例：His illness compelled him to stay in bed. 他的病迫使他卧床休息。2 oblige 表示“强制；不得不”，指“因法律、道义、习俗或许诺的约束而必须去做某事”，多用被动语态，语气相对较弱。例：We are obliged to stop t
30、he car at a red light. 我们遇到红灯时必须停车。3 force 表示“强迫；迫使；逼迫”，指“以暴力威胁、武力强迫对方做某事”，后面跟的动作常是不情愿做的事，force的语气比compel和oblige强。例：The poor peasant was forced to sell his daughter to the landlord. 那位贫穷的农民被迫将自己的女儿卖给地主。compelling: a. interesting or exciting enough to keep your attention completely 有强烈吸引力的；引人入胜的e.g.
31、Steve Jobslife makes a compelling story. 史蒂夫乔布斯的一生是一个引人入胜的故事。10 Here, please allow me to stand up for and promote the true value that the humanities add to peoples lives. (Para. 4)Meaning: I here ask for your permission to let me defend and advertise the true value that the humanities bring to peopl
32、es lives.stand up for: support or defend a person or an idea when they are being attacked 支持；保卫；维护e.g. Mary stood up for me at the meeting, sparing me some embarrassment. 玛丽在会议上支持了我，使我免受了一些尴尬。promote: vt. support or encourage sth. 支持；鼓励；提倡e.g. To acknowledge other cultures will promote good will amo
33、ng people of different backgrounds. 承认别人的文化会促进不同背景的人之间的友好亲善。11 Since ancient times, people have speculated about the mystery of those inner forces that drive some people to greatness and others to self-destruction. (Para. 4)Meaning: Ever since ancient times, people have thought carefully and serious
34、ly why the mysterious forces coming from their inner world could be so powerful that it could make some people great while others morally deteriorate.speculate: v. consider or discuss why sth. has happened 思索；沉思；推测；猜测e.g. Archeologists speculate that people first reached the islands over 1,000 years
35、 ago. 考古学家们推测人类第一次到达这些岛屿是在一千多年前。speculate about / on: make guesses about the possible causes or effects of sth. without knowing all the facts or details 猜测；推测e.g. It is too early to speculate about the outcome of the negotiations between the workers union and the companys leadership. 要推测工会和公司管理层之间的谈
36、判结果，还为时过早。12 This inner drive has been called many things over the centuries. (Para. 4)Meaning: Over the past centuries, many different names have been used to describe this inner force of human beings.13 The famous psychologist, Sigmund Freud, called it the “unconscious mind” or, more familiarly, “
37、instinct”. (Para. 4)Meaning: Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, named it the unintentional mind or, more familiar to us, natural ability to know something.14 From the beginning of time, this inner aspect of our being, this drive that can be constructive or destructive, has captured our imaginatio
38、n. (Para. 5)Meaning: Since ancient times, it is this very inner force of our being, either constructive or destructive, that has stimulated our imagination.15 The stories of this amazing struggle have formed the basis of cultures the world over. (Para. 5)Meaning: It is these stories about this fasci
39、nating inner struggle of human beings that have laid the foundation of the world cultures.16 Historians, architects, authors, philosophers and artists have captured the words, images and meanings of this inner struggle in the form of story, music, myth, painting, architecture, sculpture, landscape a
40、nd traditions. (Para. 5)Meaning: Our historians, architects, authors, philosophers and artists have successfully caught the words, images and meanings of this mysterious inner force by way of story, music, myth, painting, architecture, sculpture, landscape and traditions.in the form of: in the way s
41、th. is or appears to be 以形式；以方式e.g. They received a benefit in the form of a tax reduction. 他们通过减税的方式获益。17 These men and women developed artistic “languages” that help us understand these aspirations and also educate generations. (Para. 5)Meaning: The artistic works and masterpieces created by these
42、 men and women help us understand the strong desires and beautiful dreams of human beings and also help educate future generations.Meaning beyond words: “Language” is in the quotation marks because the word doesnt just refer to the regular meaning but to all the things mentioned earlier: story, musi
43、c, myth, painting, architecture, sculpture, landscape and traditions.18 This fertile body of work from ancient times, the very foundation of civilization, forms the basis of study of the humanities. (Para. 5)Meaning: The large amount of work filled with rich ideas and imagination from ancient times
44、the fundamental components of civilization provides the basis of the study of the humanities.a / the body of sth.: a large amount or mass of sth., esp. sth. that has been collected 大量的某物e.g. Acquiring a language is learning a skill, not collecting a body of information. 学语言是学习技能，而不是获取大量的信息。19 Studyi
45、ng the humanities improves our ability to read and write. No matter what we do in life, we will have a huge advantage if we can read complex ideas and understand their meaning. We will have a bright career if we are the person in the office who can write a clear and elegant analysis of those ideas!
46、(Para. 6)Meaning: Studying the humanities helps us improve our reading and writing ability. In whatever situation, it is a great advantage if we understand complex ideas through reading. To illustrate, if we are the person in the office who can write and analyze those complex ideas in a logical, cle
47、ar, intelligent yet simple manner, we will have a promising career.Sentence structure NOTE no matter 常与疑问代词或疑问副词一起构成连词词组引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”，在使用时应注意以下几点：1 注意从句的时态由no matter 引导的从句多用一般现在时。例如：No matter who you are, you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，都应该遵守规则。Our aim is to recruit the best person for the job, n
48、o matter where they are from. 我们的目标是招聘到该工作的最佳人选，不管他们来自哪里。2 注意被修饰的名词、形容词以及副词的位置no matter what / whose / which 修饰名词时，该名词必须紧跟其后；no matter how 修饰形容词或副词时，该形容词或副词也必须紧跟其后。例如：No matter which method you use, you will get the same result. 不管你用哪种方法做，结果都一样。No matter how hard he works, he finds it difficult to make ends meet. 无论他工作多么努力，他总是入不敷出。20 Studying the humani