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1、高考阅读难题大综合高考阅读难题大综合(细节细节+主旨主旨+含义含义)(上上)选自北京高考选自北京高考D篇阅读：篇阅读：Language as a System of Symbols(1) Of all systems of symbols(符号符号), language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course
2、 of centuries of mutual(相互的相互的)dependency to let thethe course of centuries of mutual(相互的相互的)dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their ,pyyppgnervous systems. We call that syste
3、m of agreements language.(2)There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that(2)There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a ,y g,ythousand oth
4、er things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises iiiaccording to the culture we live in.(3) However obvious these facts may appear at first glance they are(3) However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are a
5、ctually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. Symbols and the things they stand for are jygyindependent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if there were necessary connections. For example, there are people who feel fifithat foreign
6、languages are unreasonable by nature; foreigners have such funny names for things, and why cant they call things by their right names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those Englishright names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to
7、 believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. yygygLike the little boy who is reported to have said: “Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,” they feel that the symbol is i htl (内在地内在地)t d iith th thib lidinherently(内在地内在地) co
8、nnected in some way with the things symbolized.69 Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human69. Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings _. (简单细节简单细节-因果细节因果细节)A have made use of language for centuriesA. have made use of language for centuriesB. use ou
9、r nervous systems to support languageC have made various noises stand for any eventsC. have made various noises stand for any eventsD. can make anything stand for anything by agreement170. What can we conclude from Paragraph 2? (复杂细节复杂细节-观点细节观点细节)A. Different noises may mean different things.B. Our
10、culture determines what a symbol stands for.C. The language we use symbolizes our social positions.D. Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.71 In Paragraph 3 “take special pains” probably means “”71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “_”.(词汇含义题词汇含义题)A try very hardB
11、 take our timeA. try very hardB. take our timeC. are very unhappyD. feel especially painful(3) However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special painsactually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains
12、 to think about the subject. 72 The example of the little boy is used to show that(复杂复杂细节之细节之72. The example of the little boy is used to show that _.(复杂复杂细节之细节之例子细节例子细节)A adults often learn from their youngA. adults often learn from their youngB. “pig” is a dirty word because pigs are dirtyC Symbol
13、s and the things they stand for are inherently connectedC. Symbols and the things they stand for are inherently connectedD. people sometimes have wrong ideas about how language works选自高考天津选自高考天津D篇篇(1)We can achieve knowledge either actively or passively. We achieve it actively by direct experience,
14、by testing and proving an idea, or by reasoning.(2)Whikl dil b b ild blM(2)We achieve knowledge passively by being told by someone else. Most of the learning that takes place in the classroom and the kind that happens when we watch TV or read newspapers or magazines is passivehappens when we watch T
15、V or read newspapers or magazines is passive. Conditioned as we are to passive learning, its not surprising that we depend on it in our everyday communication with friends and co-workers.2(3)Unfortunately passive learning has a serious problem It makes us(3)Unfortunately, passive learning has a seri
16、ous problem. It makes us tend to accept what we are told even when it is little more than hearsay and rumor(谣言谣言).()(4)Did you ever play the game Rumor? It begins when one person writes down a message but doesnt show it to anyone. Then the person whispers it, word for word, to another person. That p
17、erson, in turn, whispers it to still another, and so on, through all the people playing thTh ltitdthd fdthe game. The last person writes down the message word for word as he or she hears it. Then the two written statements are compared. Typically, the original message has changed.Typically, the orig
18、inal message has changed.(5)Thats what happens in daily life The simple fact that people repeat(5)Thats what happens in daily life. The simple fact that people repeat a story in their own words changes the story. Then, too, most people listen imperfectly. And many enjoy adding their own creative tou
19、ch to pyyj yga story, trying to improve on it, stamping(打上标记打上标记)it with their own personal style. Yet those who hear it think they know.(6)This process is also found among scholars and authors: A statement of opinion by one writer may be re-stated as fact by another, who may itbt d btthd thitiin tu
20、rn be quoted by yet another; and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placedwriter based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.48. Accordin
21、g to the passage, passive learning may occur in _.A. doing a medical experiment B. solving a math problemC. visiting an exhibition D. doing scientific reasoning49. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to _.A active learningB knowledgeA. active learningB. knowledgeC. communicationD. passive
22、 learning50. The author mentions the game Rumor to show that _.A. a message may be changed when being passed on B. a message should be delivered in different waysC. people may have problems with their sense of hearingD. people tend not to believe in what they know as rumor3Photographs are everywhere
23、. They decorate (装饰装饰) the walls of homes dd iflf diffdThi fill dand are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature They can also bring things close that are far awaybeauties of nature. They
24、 can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories. (陕西陕西B)45. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to.A. beauties B. photos pC. goods D. eventsFirst of
25、all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet take , j gggyyga real pounding(追击追击)running down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I read about a ill fjh di d fhkhil jinationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had s
26、omething else to worry about. Jogging doesnt kill hundreds of people but if you have any physical weaknesses jogginghundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me.(浙江浙江D)53. The underlined word “them”(Paragraph 3) most probably re
27、fers 53.e u deed wo d t e( a ag ap 3)ost p obab y e e sto _.A. heart attacks B. back problems pC. famous joggers D. physical weaknessesAlcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain Absorption rate is increased whenand start action on the brain. Abso
28、rption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process jgyypand it is not possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.(福建福建A)57.The unde
29、rlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_”.Alh lBbtiA. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. processA university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual. ygGraduates earn more than non-graduates. Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree. However,
30、 only some l hiSh i di idlhhldfipeople have it. So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it. There are pressing calls on the resources (资源资源) of the government. Using taxpayers money to help a small number of people to earn highUsing taxpayers money to help a small number of people to ea
31、rn high incomes in the future is not one of them.1. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to . .e u deed wo d t ea ag ape e s to _.(北京北京D-68)A. taxpayers B. pressing calls p ypgC. college graduates D. government resources 4七选五七选五ForgivenessTo forgive is a virtue, but no one has ever said
32、it is easy. When g,ysomeone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your hate. However, forgiveness is possible, and it can be surprisingly bfi i lhildl hl h Plh fihbeneficial to your physical and mental health. People who forgive show less sadness, anger and stress and more
33、hopefulness, according to a recent research 71Try the following steps:recent research. 71 Try the following steps:Calm yourself. 72 You can take a couple of breaths and think of something that gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or soetg t at g ves you p easu e: a beaut u sce eatu e, os
34、omeone you love.Dont wait for an apology Many times the person who hurt you doesDont wait for an apology. Many times the person who hurt you does not intend to apologize. They may have wanted to hurt you or they just dont see things the same way. 73 Keep in mind that forgiveness gypgdoes not necessa
35、rily mean becoming friends again with the person who upset you.Take the control away from your offender(冒犯者冒犯者). Rethinking about you hurt gives power to the person who causes you pain. Instead of fid d flilt lk fth lbtfocusing on your wounded feelings, learn to look for the love, beauty and kindnes
36、s around you.74If you understand your offender you may realize that he or she74 If you understand your offender, you may realize that he or she was acting out of unawareness, fear, and even love. You may want to write a letter to yourself from your offenders point of view.yypDont forget to forgive y
37、ourself.75 But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you dont do it.A. Why should you forgive?B. How should you start to forgive?C. Recognize the benefits of forgiveness.D. Try to see things from you offenders angle.E. For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.F. To make your anger die away, try a simple stress-management technique.G. If you wait for people to apologize, you could be waiting an awfully long time.5