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1、-副词和形容词同形（Adverbs and Adjectives Identical in Form）有的形容词同副词在词形上完全一样，但形容词起的是定语作用，而副词起的却是状语作用。如：An early riser gets up early.A fast train travels fast.Daily newspapers are published daily.This is hard work . We have to work hard.区别副词和形容词常常依靠该词句法功能。如：go straight, tell someone straight中为副词。在短语set someon
2、e/something straight, put someone/something straight, drink whisky straight, keep ones face straight中的straight看作形容词，因straight在些起宾语补足语的作用。英语中常有成对的副词：一个不带ly,另一个由形容词加后缀ly构成。这种有ly的副词有时可同无ly的副词互换，有时两者的用法和意义不一。但一般来说没有后缀LY的副词表示动作所造成的结果、状态或给人的感觉，而,带有后缀LY的副词则表示的动作方式。如：bright, brightlycheap,cheaplyShe sells h
3、er goods cheap.(cheap可用cheaply替换。在较为随便的谈话中，当动词是buy, sell时，常用cheap.clean, cleanlyThis knife cuts cleanly.The bullet went clean through the wall.Clean through = right through.作副词的clean含义为completely, right.在非正式语体里，它常跟动词forget,介词over,through,副词away, out连用。如：Sorry I didnt turn up - I CLEAN FORGOT.The bal
4、l sailed clean over the roof.The prisoner got clean away.Im afraid Im clean out of (= have no more) food.clear, clearlyStand clear of the doors of the train.副词clear 跟 of一起时，意为away from, not touching.He threw her clear across the room.Clear across = right across“I said it very loud and clear(clear =
5、clearly); I went and shouted in his ear.”He spoke so clearly that I could hear every word.close, closelyCome close; I want to tell you something.(作副词时，“接近地，”“紧密地”，表具体近的程度)The boy followed close behind his father.The fellow stood close against the wall.副词close是near之意，过去分词前常用closely.如：The teacher was
6、closely followed by his pupils.Closely表示一种抽象的概念，“紧密地”“密切地”“严密地”。We should closely be united around Chairman Jiang.She closely resembles her mother.Watch him closely.(= carefully, with attention)dead, deadlyThe road is very dangerous. Go dead slow. (=exactly, completely, slow,可用slowly替换)还有dead drunk,
7、 dead tired, dead right, dead sure, dead certain等与dead slow同.Dont touch that. Its deadly.(=adj.; fatal, causing death)Its deadly poisonous.(=very)I cant read this. Its deadly dull.(=very)Deep, deeplyDeep作副词时，常用来表示具体的深度，“深地”，修饰静止的状态和具体的动作。而deeply用来修饰情感的动词、形容词和过去分词，表示抽象的概念。Our teachers often work deep
8、 into the night.He had to dig deep to find water.We were deeply moved by what he had done.Im deeply grateful for the help you gave me.direct, directlyThese new laws concern us all directly. (=in a direct way“直接地”)Lets meet directly（immediately） after lunch; then I ll take you direct to your room. (=
9、without deviation,主要用于说及旅行和时间表,指空间、距离，如行程中的不停顿、不绕道，”直接地“不绕（圈）地”)He flew direct to New York .He came and reported it direct to me.He should be there directly.She drove directly to school.She drove direct to school.The next flight doesnt godirectto Rome, it goes by way of Paris.easy, easilyA: I cant t
10、ake this table easily (=without difficulty).B: Yes, but go easy (=Dont be rough) with it. Its an antique. Easy作为副词用在一些固定搭配中。如：take it easy(=relax);Stand easy!( a miitary command); Easy come, easy go(= What we get without difficulty is quickly lost).fair, fairlyIve marked your essay fairly(=justly, h
11、onestly, according to the rules), and I can assure you (that ) its fairly (=quite, rather)good.He told the facts fairly.Fair作副词只用在play fair, speak fair, to hit something fair and square中。fine, finelyThat suits me fine.Youre doing fine.Fine adv. =well,一般用在口语中;若某东西finely cut或finely chopped, 意为cut into
12、 very small pieces.firm, firmlyIf we stand firm,(=unyield ) I firmly believe we shall succeed.The guard is standing firm at the entrance to the camp.Hold this post firm( =firmly)while I hammer it into the ground.The boy firmly caught hold of the rope.有的词典认为stand firm, stay firm, set firm, hold firm中
13、的firm为adj.free, freelyYou can eat free (=without payment) in my restaurant whenever you like.Dont let the dog run free.(=in a free manner)You can speak freely (=without limitation or restriction) in front of George - he knows everything.hard, hardlyYou have worked hard today.(=diligently, strenuousl
14、y)Youve hardly eaten anything.(=almost not)high, highly Hes very ambitious: he aims high.Throw the ball as high as you can.Can you jump that high?He held his head high.此处high为高度(height)及位置(position)用作副词时，指具体的高度。Highly指抽象概念的高，常用来修饰形容词的分词和用在一些常见的搭配中。如：He is a highly skilled worker.The headmaster think
15、s highly of my teaching.Hes highly intelligent, highly trained. (= to a hig degree; very much)用于比喻意义时常用highly ,如:They speak highly of you.just, justlyHe was justly punished for his crimes.(= in accordance with justice or the law公正地，正当地).The judge dealed the case justly.We each were treated justly.Iv
16、e just been reading a very interesting book.(= a moment ago, exactly, merely)Do just as you like.(正好)He is just an ordinary man（仅仅）.Im just out of hospital.He is just a child, dont quarrel with him.late, latelyEvery morning this week she has arrived late.(=after the time expected,晚地，迟地)Has she been
17、here lately?(=recently, not long ago，最近，近来，常用在疑问句和否定句中，在肯定句中常用recently.)Have you seen her lately?I hear that you havent been well lately.He arrived home very late from work yesterday.但二者都可用在as late as, as lately as片语中。loud, loudlyDont speak so loud. Theyll hear you.在非正式语体中常用loud替换loudly, louder替换mor
18、e loudly;在动词talk, speak, shout, laugh后,以及在短语loud and clear里也是如此.但介词短语前却只用 loudly.如:They shouted loudly for help .No one came.low, lowlyTackle him low; grab his legs.Low是high的反义词，可说fly low, aim low, speak low, bow low.He occupies a lowly position. (=adj., humble.)most, mostlyHe enjoys a cigarette som
19、etimes, but mostly he smokes a pipe.Mostly = mainly, adj.Most =very.: Of all the competitors she was the one who most deserved to win.near, nearlyNational Day is drawing near.Near: adj & adv.;Nearly: adv. almost but not quite.He was nearly killed in the accident .Nearly可作修饰语置于不定代词前。如：Nearly everyone
20、 came to the meeting.pretty, prettilyMary dances very prettily.Prettily是方式状语，in a pretty way, skilfully, 非正式语体中的pretty 是副词，修饰形容词或副词，是rather, fairly.如：Shes pretty good.She dances pretty well.quick, quicklyThe train will get you there quicker than the bus.Ill get back as quick as I can.在非正式口语中，常用quick
21、替换quickly,当动词表示运动以及quick是比较级时，更是用quick而不用quickly.real, reallyThat was real nice.You cook real well.上二例中real为adv.，替换了really,在非正式口语、特别在美国英语中，会听到。I dont really like her. (=truly)right, rightlyYou guessed right.Right用rightly替换，为properly, correctly. Right在非正式语体里用得多，而且只能在动词之后，表达to the right-hand side时，只用r
22、ight而不用rightly,如：Turn right at the traffic lights.He was rightly blamed for the accident. (不能用rightly,因right吸用在动词后。)Sharp, sharply作副词的sharp用说及时间音调，用在一些短语里，如：Please report to me at ten oclock sharp.(=punctually)You are singing sharp. (=sing on a note that is too high.)Look sharp=hurry up, watch out,P
23、ull up sharp =stop suddenly说及方向时，可互换，为make an abrupt turn.如：The road turns sharp(ly) to the left.He turned sharp(ly) around.当含义为severely时只用sharply.如：He was sharply rebuked.short, shortlyStop short. (= suddenly; cut short=interrupt).Shortly, adv.只用在这样的短语中：He will be back shortly.(=soon)He explained h
24、is meaning shortly but clearly (briefly).He answered shortly that he didnt care what I thought. (=impatiently).slow ,slowlyGo slow.Go slower.在非正式口语中，slow替换slowly, slower替换more slowly,常与动词go , drive等连用。 在道路标志上了常用副词slow,如Slow! Drive slow!等，其余场合都用slowly.如：When you speak slowly, I understand you.sure, s
25、urelyIt sure is a cold night.Are you leaving with us? Sure!此二sure代替了surely， 为典型的美国英语。He must surely succeed. 属英国英语。tight, tightlyWere just starting. Hold tight.Sit tight. Hold on to your seats tightly.此二例的 tight ,tightly皆为副词，在非正式语体里，不及我动词后不用tight替换tightly；在其它情况下，譬如及物动词加宾语后，就用tightly.wide, widelyHe o
26、pened the cupboard wide.(表示实际的距离，“宽广地”，“广大地”)It was wide open.（表示一种程度，一抽象概念，“广泛地”“大大地”。）The window was wide open.He was wide awake.The old minister opened his eyes wide.English is widely used in the world.Football is widely played all over the country.This computer is widely different from that one
27、in quality.跟形容词同形的wide是副词，意为widely.He has travelled widely.(= in many different places.)wrong, wronglyYou guess wrong. (=wrongly,为非正式英语，一般置于动词后。I wrongly believed that you wanted to help me.Wrongly位于动词前。大致分为三类：（一）本类词有hard, hardly; late, lately; most, mostly等。两种副词形式含义完全不同，使用时不易引起混淆。（二）本类词主要有wide, wid
28、ely; close, closely; high, highly等，两种副词形式不同，含义也有差别，但没有第一类的区别明显，且翻译成汉语时也很接近。使用时容易混淆。其含义及用法上的主要特点是：不带ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作，说明的动作或状况有可测量性和可见性；而以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。大都具有“greatly”或“extremely”的含义。（三）这类词主要有slow, slowly; quick, quickly等异形同义词。当然，现代英语的语言规范性要求用以-ly结尾的副词来修饰动词，但由于句子结构以及搭配的不同，使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此，探讨一
29、下在什么情况下使用不带-ly的副词形式。总的说来，倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有四种：1、用作比较级或最高级时：Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking even quicker.The men were quarrelling loudly, but the policemen shouted louder.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.Lets see who can run quickest.We must look close
30、rat the problem.2、有“so”或“too”修饰时：It all happenedso quick that I could do nothing.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goestoo slow.Dont talkso loud; the child is in bed now.3、用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时：Come quick; we are waiting for you.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.The sun shines brig
31、ht.When we left the shelter, the snow was fallingthickand the wind was blowing cold.Business is going strong.4、在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时：Take iteasy.Stand firm and hold ittight. 站稳抓牢He often plays high. 赌注常下得很大The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager out fair.They were drinkingdeepinto the night.-第 12 页-