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1、英语时态讲解与练习（二）一、一般过去时一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的。一般过去时表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。动词的过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。一般过去时的基本构成：规则动词后+ed1. 表示过去发生的动作，与现在毫无联系，与确定的时间状语词连用，如：then,at that time,just now,yesterday,last year,in 1998,ago2. 表示过去习惯动作，只适用于动态动词Eg.When she was in Beijing,she often came to see me.二、现在完成时(重点及难点)构成：助动词have/has+过去分
2、词表示过去发生的动作，对现在造成的结果或影响。常与already, just, yet, in the last few years, so far, -Have you had your lunch yet?-yes, I have. I have just had it.（现在我不饿了）I have already posted the photos.(这些照片已不在这里了) 表示动作或状态从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续下去。常与for, since引导的时间状语连用（For+一段时间 ，Since+某一点时间），可以用how long提问。其中“for+一段
3、时间”用在肯定句中，动词必须是延续性动词；在否定句中，延续性动词或短暂性动词均可。Since连接的从句中，常用短暂性动词的一般过去时。I have known Li Ming for three years.They have lived here since 1996.They have lived here since they graduated from university.She has taught us since I came to this school.How long have you worked in this factory?现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时
4、表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。如yesterday, last night, three days ago, in 1990等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系。它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have seen the film.我已经看过这部电影（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week.我上一周看了这部电影。（只说明上星期看了这部电影，不涉及现在的情况。He has lived here since 1992. 1992你年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）
5、He lived here in 1992. 1992年他住在这里。（不涉及现在他是否还住在这里）have bee to和have gone tohave been to 表示曾经去过某地 have gone to 表示已经去某地了。have bee in a place在某地待了有多久。现在完成时的口诀:发生在过去，影响在现在。延续性动词与终止性动词讲解动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。延续性动词（或称为持续性动词）终止性动词（或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非延续性动词、界限性动词）表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词，表示持续一段时间的动词叫延续性动
6、词。 一、英语中常见的终止性动词有：leave， go，come，arrive，begin，buy，borrow，die，join， become，marry，graduate，become等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成，所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语“for 时间段”或“ since 时间点”连用，也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句： 我哥哥参军两年了。My brother has joined the army for two years（误） 我哥哥自1999年就参军了。My brother has joined the
7、army since 1999（误） 你哥哥参军多久了？How long has your brother joined the army ？（误） 如用延续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助come（表示动作的渐进过程），begin， get（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句： I studied English thirteen years ago（误） I began to study English thirteen years ago（正） When did you know him？（误） When did you get to know him ？（正） 二、终止性动词肯定形式的完
8、成时不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换： 时态替换法 就是把非延续性动词的完成时态，改为过去时态，然后再把“for+一段时间”改为“一段时间段ago”，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句： My brother joined the army two years ago The old man died ten years ago He left his hometown thirty years ago 句型替换法 (2).since法用“ It is（或has been）一段时间 since”改写，该句型中since后面的谓语动词多为终止性动词，且常用一般过去时。例句： It is（
9、或has been）two years since my brother joined the army It is ten years since the old man died It is（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown 注：It ishas beensince句型中的动词若为延续性动词，计时的起点是since句中动词结束之点。不然应将since句中的动词改为begin to do sth。例句： Its five years since he studied English他不学英语已五年了。 Its five yea
10、rs since he began to study English他学英语已五年了。 (3).一段时间法“用一段时间has have passed since SV-ed”句型改写。例句： Two years has have passed since my brother joined the army Thirty years has have passed since he left his hometown (4).动词替换法 若保留for 时间段，since 时间点或用在how long句型中，需将终止性动词改为相应的延续性动词或状态动词。例句： My brother has be
11、en in the army for two years Jack has been a postman for about six years When he came home，I had been asleep for three hours Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages How long have you been here？ About two months 三、常见终止性动词与延续性动词（或状态动词）的对应关系如下： leave be away（from） borrow ke
12、ep finish end stop be over join the army be serve in the army be a soldier open be openjoin the Party be in the Party be a Party member catch get a cold have a cold fall asleep be asleep go to school be in schoolbe a student begin be on put on（上演）be on buy have become be marry be married（to） wake up
13、 be awake make friends with be friends with open sth keep sth openlose be lost be missing be gone lose ones job work be out of work a job 例句：When he got to the station，the train had been away for a long time My brother has had a bad cold for a week My father joined the Party in 1945He has been a Par
14、ty member for about fifty-five years Toms brother had been in the army for three years before he became a teacher The film had been on for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema Excuse meHow long may I keep the book？ Two weeks Kate was wearing that red coat from Monday to Saturday Kate has been ma
15、rried to John for nearly ten years Joe told his friends that he had been a lawyer for ten years The factory has been open since 1990 四、since从句中两种时态的不同含义 我们再来分析一下since从句中使用终止性动词与延续性动词的区别。 在since从句中我们往往使用终止性动词的过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那一时刻起”，如： Mr Brown has made quite a few Chinese friends since he came to China
16、. 布朗先生自从来中国以后已交了相当多的中国朋友。He has studied very hard since he came to our school他自从来到我们学校学习一直非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这儿，我们一直非常想念他们。 注意：since从句中不可以使用终止性动词的完成时since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的一般过去时，从句表示的时间是“从那延续性动词动作结束时算起”，如：Its three weeks since my aunt stayed here. (=My aunt hasnt
17、stayed here for three weeks.) 我阿姨不在这儿已有三周了。 I havent heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 自从我离开上海以来，一直没有收到他的来信。) 但是如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时，则意味着该状态延续至今，和一般过去时的含义完全相反。试比较： I have been at school since I have been ill. （我生病以来一直在学校里。） I have been at school since I was ill. （我病愈以来一直在学校里。） 弄清sinc
18、e从句中两种时态的不同含义，对于以下例句的理解就不会感到困难了。如： Its 4 years since Mr Li smoked. （李先生戒烟已有四年了。）They asked me to have a drink with themI said that it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink他们叫我去喝一杯，我说我至少有十年没痛痛快快地喝一杯了。 I havent heard from him since I lived in Shanghai从我离开上海就没收到过他的来信。 I havent heard a
19、ny noise since I slept我醒后没听到任何噪音。 He has lived with my uncle since he has returned from abroad（误） He has lived with my uncle since he returned from abroad（正） 五、终止性在否定句中，因为动作的否定就是一种可以延续的状态，因此，可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用，也可用在how long？句型中。例句：I havent received his letter for two weeks我两周没收到他的来信了。 He hasnt com
20、e here for 7days他七天没来这儿了。 She didnt marry ten years when her husband died她结婚还不到十年，丈夫就去世了。 六、“in数（时间）名词”的译法，主要以句中动词是延续性还是终止性而定。一般说来，如果句中动词是终止性，则译为“多久之后”。这时若要表达“在多久之内”，则需将 in改为within。如果句中动词是延续性，则译为“多久之内”。例句： Jack will go to Shanghai in two weeks杰克两周后就能抵达上海。 Tom will reach New York in a few days汤姆几天后就能
21、到达纽约。 Ill finish reading this novel within three days三天内我就能读完这本小说。 They will learn Japanese in four or five years他们四五年内就能学会日语。 七、as so long as 从句 从句中只可用延续性动词或连系动词，不可用终止性动词。 if only 从句，则可用终止性动词。例句： As So long as you insist on studying English for a long time，youll master it只要你长期坚持学习英语，你就能掌握它。 As So l
22、ong as you promise our conditions， we can satisfy your request（误） If only you promise our conditions，we can satisfy your request（正）只要你答应我们的条件，我们就能满足你的要求。小练一下：section A 一般过去时专练( )1. The mother asked the boy _ down the ladder, but he went on _ instead.A. come; climbingB. to come; to climb C. to come;
23、climbing D. coming; climbing( )2. The teacher asked the students to close the windows _ the wind from _ the papers away.A. to stop; blowingB. stopping; blowingC. to stop; blow D. stopped; blow( )3. The sick man stayed in bed, _ very terrible.A. felt B. feeling C. is feeling D. was feeling( )4. Yeste
24、rday I heard a story _ by my friend.A. told B. telling C. to tell D. tell( )5. The boy was made _ there for an hour by his father.A. standing B. stand C. to stand D. stands( )6. I saw him _ into the small store.A. went B. going C. to go D. has gone( )7. He raised his voice to make everybody in the r
25、oom _ him clearly.A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard( )8. Our geography teacher told us yesterday that the earth _ around the sun.A. was moving B. moved C. has moved D. moves( )9. Oh, its you. Im sorry I _ know you _ here.A. dont; are B. didnt; are C. didnt; were D. dont; were( )10. Mr LuXun die
26、d in 1936. He _ a lot of famous novels.A. wrote B. was writing C. has written D. would writeSection BI. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week.2. _ he _ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired n
27、ow.4. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.5. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long _ the Wangs _(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I _ just _ (finish) my homework. 9. He _ (go) to school on foot every day. 10._ you _ (find) y
28、our science book yet? II. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _ here?A. come B. got C. arrived D. been2. My grandpa died _.A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.3. Jane has _ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.A. been B. gone C. went D. never been4. It i
29、s ten years _ I last saw her.A. after B. since C. for D. that5.-Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? -I will. I _ her several times.A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet6. -What a nice dress! How long _ you _ it? -Just 2 weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had7.-Do you k
30、now Lydia very well? -Yes, She and I _ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned8. The Smiths _ in China for 8 years.A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live9. -Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black? - Sorry. He _ the Bainiao Park.A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to10. -_ you ever _ to the US? - Yes, twice.A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, goingFailure teaches success.