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1、-名词性从句解析及常用例句-第 6 页名词性从句 Noun Clauses在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由下列词引导: 1)从属连词that,whether 等; 2)连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等; 3) 连接副词how,when,where,why 等。 tha
2、t在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意义。例如: That I am beautiful is known to everyone. 众所周知,我是个万人迷。What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became
3、a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: (1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 二、 宾语从句名词性从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联
4、词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good at everything while others are good at nothing. 我们决不能
5、认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what
6、, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序
7、也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whethe
8、r he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 三、 表语从句1. 定义:在一个复合句中,从句作的是主语的表语成分。表语从句在复合句中放在系动词之后,说明主语是什么或者怎么样。2. 结构:由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。3. 连接词:that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等。
9、4. 例句:1, He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 2, She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. 她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。 3, His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we
10、should stay calm. 他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。 4, The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑。 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是,他什么时候可以到达酒店。5.注意:A表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as i
11、f 例外)。 (引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether, 位于介词后要用whether, 位于句首时要用whether。) (引导表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句时要用whether。)False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.C不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从
12、句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. Dthat在表语从句中不可以省掉。四、 同位语从句1、定义:在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系,即主表关系。2、用法:A. 在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某
13、些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。 I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。B. 可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等(一般的“抽象”名词都可用)。 Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天
14、下午不能来看你了。C. 英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that,whether,连接代词what,who。连接副词how, when, where等。(注:if, which 不能引导同位语从句。) He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。D. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。3、引导词: 1.
15、 连词that引导同位语从句(注:引导同位语从句的that不能省略) The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作 【注意】在某些名词(如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。 2. 连词whether引导同位语从句(注:if不能引导同位语从句)
16、The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。 【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句,但if不能引导同位语从句。 3.其它引导词引导的同位语从句连接代词what, who, whom, whose,引导同位语从句 1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。(what作定语) 2).The question who will take his place is stil
17、l not clear. (who作主语) 4. 连接副词引导同位语从句连接副词when, where, how, why We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。 先行词1定语从句的先行词是名词或代词;而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,b
18、elief,conclusion等少数名词。 例如: The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important 在句中,划线部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。 在句中,划线部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行
19、词。 在句中,划线部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,句便是一例。 由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。 2when,where,why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。 例如: I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing I have no idea when she will be back 在句中,划线部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词; 在句中,划线部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。